QK4T7 

T8I 
192,1 


PLANT  MATERIALS 


OF 


DECORATIVE  GARDENING 

* 

THE  WOODY  PLANTS 


SECOND  EDITION,  REVISED 

BY 

WILLIAM  TRELEASE 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY  IN  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


URBANA 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR 

1921 


Copyright  1921 

by 
William  Trelease 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

FOREWORD    __-* v 

INTRODUCTION    vii 

USING  THE  KEYS ix 

SYNOPSIS  OF  GROUPS xii 

KEYS  TO  GENERA 

A,  TREES xiii 

B,  SHRUBS >  xxi 

C,  UNDERSHRUBS    xxxvii 

D,  CLIMBERS xli 

PLANT  MATERIALS 1 

GLOSSARY 148 

INDEX  _  167 


FOREWORD 


FOREWORD 

When  this  little  book  was  prepared,  four  years  ago,  its 
primary  purpose  was  to  meet  the  needs  of  landscape  garden- 
ers; but  I  entertained  a  hope  that  the  provision  of  a  simple 
workable  method  of  naming  the  usual  woody  plants  met  with 
in  our  northern  climate  might  gratify  a  universal  wish  to 
know  the  names  of  such  things,  and  indirectly  stimulate  a 
real  knowledge  of  one  part  of  nature  by  the  many  nature 
lovers  who  find  it  difficult  to  obtain  an  introduction  to  many 
of  the  friends  of  their  rambles.  The  need  of  a  new  issue  is 
a  gratifying  indication  that  my  hope  that  it  might  prove 
useful  was  not  ill  founded.  In  the  present  edition,  correction 
has  been  made  of  such  errors  as  have  come  to  my  notice,  and 
the  scope  of  the  book  has  been  enlarged  by  inclusion  of  a  few 
additional  types;  but  the  purpose  of  keeping  it  within  com- 
pact bounds  has  been  adhered  to.  While  the  keys  might  have 
been  based  more  exclusively  on  characters  patent  to  the  un- 
aided eye  and  obvious  to  the  untrained  understanding,  they 
are  based  still  on  characters  intended  to  make  close  observa- 
tion necessary  and  to  give  a  correct  understanding  of  the 
general  morphology  of  plants. 
Urbana,  Illinois,  July,  1921. 


INTRODUCTION  vii 


INTRODUCTION 

It  has  become  the  practice  of  gardeners  to  speak  of  the 
plants  used  for  decorative  purposes  as  the  plant  materials  of 
their  art.  These  materials  fall  rather  naturally  into  three 
Glassies:  the  woody  plants  used  in  landscape  architecture  and 
street  planting,  the  herbs  used  for  bedding  and  border  plant- 
ing, pools,  etc.,  and  the  grasses  of  lawns. 

The  present  little  volume  is  an  attempt  to  make  it  possible 
for  any  careful  observer  to  learn  the  generic  and  usually  the 
specific  name  of  any  hardy  tree,  shrub  or  woody  climber  that 
he  is  likely  to  find  cultivated  in  the  eastern  United  States — 
apart  from  the  extreme  south — or  in  northern  Europe,  any  where 
except  on  the  more  pretentious  estates,  or  in  nurseries  or 
botanical  establishments.  It  accounts  for  247  genera  and  782 
species,  with  some  375  minor  forms,  or  over  1150  distinct 
kinds.  These  pertain  to  83  natural  families. 

For  a  few  hopelessly  complicated  genera,  such  as  the  haws, 
cotoneasters,  mockoranges  and  roses,  only  a  few  of  the  most , 
easily  recognized  species  have  been  admitted.  Except  for 
these,  an  effort  has  been  made  to  include  all  but  the  rarer  or 
newer  species.  By  way  of  compensation  for  omissions,  the 
common  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  orchard  may  be  traced  to  their 
species,  and  also  the  commoner  native  shrubs  and  cover  plants. 

It  is  assumed  that  the  terms  usually  applied  to  the  parts 
of  plants  are  understood  or  will  be  looked  up  in  the  glossary 
by  anyone  who  wishes  to  use  the  keys,  and  that  he  will  quick- 
ly learn  to  make  a  small  and  not  necessarily  expensive  pocket 
lens  of  about  twelve-diameter  magnification  his  inseparable 
companion  and  helper:  no  further  equipment  is  necessary 
except  a  good  store  of  care,  patient  interest,  and  common  sense. 

To  keep  the  book  inexpensive,  and  of  a  size  to  fit  the 
pocket,  indentifications  are  provided  for  in  concise  keys.  As  a 
rule  these  should  lead  to  reasonably  certain  conclusions:  but 


viii  INTRODUCTION 

no  key  in  itself  is  to  be  regarded  as  final,  and  determinations 
should  be  checked  up  by  reference  to  Bailey's  Standard  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Horticulture,  in  which  are  to  be  found  full  descrip- 
tions and  references  to  excellent  illustrations.  To  facilitate 
this  use,  technical  considerations  are  waived  and  the  names 
here  used  for  genera  and  species  are  conformed  to  the  Cyclo- 
pedia: but  where  native  genera  are  differently  named  in  cur- 
rently used  Manualsi,  these  names  are  added  as  synonyms. 

The  keys  do  not  bring  together  the  names  of  genera  that 
are  related;  but  their  division  into  sections  dealing  respec- 
tively with  Trees,  Shrubs,  Undershrubs  and  Cover  plants,  and 
Climbers,  gives  them  a  certain  comparative  value  in  addition 
to  convenience  of  reference;  and  this  is  increased  by  the 
grouping  in  various  places  of  evergreen  and  deciduous,  armed 
and  spineless  forms,  etc.,  and  by  a  division  of  the  undershrubs 
according  to  their  habit  of  growth. 

The  relationships  of  the  genera  and  the  relative  land- 
scape or  other  importance  of  families  are  to  be  seen  at  a  glance 
when  reference  is  made  to  the  systematic  part  of  the  book.  An 
innovation  that  it  is  hoped  may  prove  useful,  and  that  affords 
suggestions  for  further  observation  on  dependable  though  rare- 
ly used  characters,  is  to  be  found  in  the  brief  descriptions  of 
the  genera,  in  which  more  space  is  given  to  wood,  bud,  leaf- 
scar,  foliage  and  inflorescence  than  to  the  more  transient  de- 
tails of  flower  and  fruit  on  which  botanical  classification 
largely  rests. 

Though  the  manuscript  has  been  subjected  to  critical  use 
by  individuals  and  classes,  it  is  probable  that  errors  have  been 
overlooked,  or  introduced  in  the  effort  to  make  betterments. 
For  these,  apologies  arc  tendered;  but  the  hope  is  entertained 
that  its  shortcomings  may  be  outweighed  by  a  general  useful- 
ness of  the  little  handbook,  which  is  intended  to  meet  a  need 
that  my  own  experience  as  a  teacher  shows  to  be  very  real  now 
that  plant  materials  are  so  much  studied  and  used. 
Urbana,  Illinois,  June  30,  1917. 


USING  THE  KEYS  ix 

USING  THE  KEYS 

,  The  determination  keys  are  essentially  "dichotomous."  At 
each  point  it  is  necessary  to  decide  between  two — rarely  three 
or  four — very  distinctly  contrasted  characters,  and  in  each 
case  these  contrasts  are  grouped  under  a  single  number  in  the 
key.  The  first  few  choices  are  between  differences  that  can  be 
seen  without  touching  the  plant.  Since  poison  ivy,  poison  oak 
and  poison  sumach  are  very  poisonous  to  the  touch,  it  is  advis- 
able to  have  the  first  two,  which  are  common  everywhere, 
pointed  out  by  someone  who  knows  them,  and  to  regard  any- 
thing with  compound  leaves  as  suspicious  until  these  three 
are  well  known.  A  few  examples  will  show  the  simplicity  of 
using  a  key,  and  the  directness  with  which  it  leads  to  the 
name  of  a  plant. 

Wishing  to  become  acquainted  with  one  poisonous  species 
as  quickly  as  possible,  I  go  to  a  "vine"-covered  fencepost  and 
without  touching  the  plant  am  able  to  see  readily  that  it  is 
thin-leaved,  therefore  probably  deciduous;  with  one  leaf  at  a 
node,  the  leaves  therefore  alternate;  and  that  each  leaf  is 
compound, — made  up  of  three  rather  large  wavy-margined  leaf- 
lets coming  from  the  end  of  the  leaf-stalk,  and  therefore  digi- 
tate, or  palmate.  Turning  to  the  Synopsis  of  Groups  (p.  xii), 
I  find  that  it  is  to  be  sought  in  Key  D  on  p.  xli.  In  this  key, 
beginning  — as  always —  with  no.  1,  the  characters  that  I  have 
seen  already  take  me  through  the  key  by  the  following  refer- 
ences:— no.  1,  to  9;  no.  9  to  12;  no.  12  to  13;  no.  13  to  25, — 
with  a  caution  that  this  group  contains  poisonous  species;  no. 
25  compels  me  to  look  at  the  plant  a  little  more  closely,  still 
without  touching  it,  and  I  see  that  it  does  not  support  itself 
by  coiling  about  the  post,  and  that  it  has  no  tendrils  though  it 
has  fastened  itself  by  short  roots  coming  from  between  the 
nodes.  The  conclusion  is*  inevitable  that  it  belongs  to  the  genus 
Rhus.  In  the  key  to  species  of  this  genus  (p.  84),  I  find, 
under  no.  1,  that  there  are  three  species  with  only  3  leaflets  to 
each  of  the  compound  leaves ;  although  the  characteristic  white 


x  USING  THE  KEYS 

fruit  may  not  be  in  evidence,  my  observation  that  it  is  a  climb- 
er, leading  through  the  sequence  1  to  2;  2  to  3,  satisfies  me 
that  I  have  seen  the  poison  ivy,  Rhus  radicans,  in  one  of  its 
protean  forms.  Later  I  may  chance  to  find  it  in  the  grass.  In 
this  guise,  I  should  trace  it  through  Key  C  (p.  xxxvii  as  an  un- 
derbrush, coming  to  the  same  result  by  the  steps  1  to  15 ;  15  to 
37;  37  to  38;  38  to  53;  53  to  54;  or  1-15-37-56.  In  its  bushy 
southern  form,  and  with  more  lobed  leaves,  I  should  trace  the 
scarcely  separable  poison  oak,  R.  Toxicodendron,  through  Key 
B  (p.  xxi)  by  the  steps  1-35-66-67-155,  where  I  get  a  cautionary 
signal;  155-156-157-158.  In  addition  to  learning  this  dangerous 
plant,  I  may  have  satisfied  myself  incidentally  that  the  harm- 
less Virginia  creeper  can  be  distinguished  from  it  by  having 
5  leaflets  in.  each  leaf,  and  by  climbing  by  tendrils  opposite  the 
leaves. 

An  entomologist  conies  to  me  with  a  branch  of  a  tree  badly 
infested  with  scale  insects.  He  thinks  that  he  knows  the  tree, 
but  wishes  to  be  sure  of  it  because  the  owner  and  his  neigh- 
bors can  not  say  what  it  is.  The  Synopsis  of  Groups  leads  me 
to  Key  A  (p.  xiii).  It  is  obviously  deciduous,  not  at  all  prickly 
or  spiny,  with  rounded  twigs,  opposite  leaves  that  are  rather 
large,  and  pinnately  compound  with  five  or  seven  somewhat 
toothed  short-stalked  leaflets,  green  on  both  sides.  Through 
Key  A,  I  go  by  the  successive  steps  1-33-46-117-126-127-128, 
where  I  find  that  the  scars  from  which  last  year's  leaves  have 
fallen  are  squared  off  below  this  year's  twigs  or  any  undevel- 
oped buds  of  last  season,  so  that  I  am  convinced  that  it  is  a 
Fraxinus.  In  the  keys  to  the  species  of  ash  (p.  127)  I  go 
successively  from  1  to  2;  2  to  11;  11  to  14,  where  I  find  it  to 
be  Fraxinus  lanceolata.  Reference  to  the  Cyclopedia  gives 
fuller  information  about  the  tree,  which  in  parts  of  the  west 
is  being  exterminated,  like  lilacs,  dogwoods,  willows  etc.,  by 
an  oyster-shell  scale. 

Under  some  shrubbery,  I  see  very  often  a  trailing  little 
evergreen  with  lanceolate  or  elliptical  entire  simple  leaves,  two 
at  a  node  (opposite) ;  and  its  single  large  blue  flowers  attract 


USING  THE  KEYS  xi 

attention  early  in  the  spring.  The  Synopsis  of  Groups  refers 
me  to  Key  C  (p.  xxxvii)  where,  by  the  successive  steps  1  to  15, 
15  to  37,  37  to  38,  38  to  39,  39  to  41,  41  to  48,  48  to  49,  49  to  50, 
I  reach  the  conclusion  that  it  is  Vinca.  Reference  to  the  ac- 
count of  this  genus  (p.  134)  shows  that  it  is  the  periwinkle  or 
running  "myrtle,"  Vinca  minor. 

Of  late  years  a  gigantic  twiner,  woody  only  at  base,  has 
come  into  extensive  use.  Its  alternate  compound  leaves  with 
three  large  lobed  leaflets  enable  me  to  trace  it  through  Key  D 
(p.  xli),  by  the  steps  1-9-12-13-25-28-29  where  I  see  that  it  is  a 
Pueraria,  and  reference  to  p.  77  shows  that  it  is  the  Kudzu 
vine,  P.  hirsuta. 

Finally,  to  take  a  more  complicated  case,  I  gather  a  shoot 
of  a  very  slender  and  graceful  deciduous  shrub  under  my  win- 
dow and  note  that  is  has  alternate  5-ranked  simple  but  some- 
what lobed  glabrous  rather  pointed  leaves,  with  a  single  C- 
shaped  woody  bundle  showing  when  I  snap  the  leaf-s'talk  off 
at  its  base;  and  the  partly  ripened  fruits,  earlier  a  mass  of 
small  white  flowers,  clustered  on  short  twigs,  consist  of  sev- 
eral very  small  follicles  in  each  persistent  calyx.  The 
Synopsis  of  Groups  refers  me  to  Key  B  (p.  xxi)  where  I  trace 
it  from  1-35-66-67-68-70-71-144-146-147-148-149-153-154  where  I 
conclude  that  it  is  a  Spiraea.  In  the  key  to  species  of  th,is; 
genus  (p.  54)  I  follow  it  from  1  to  9;  9  to  11;  and  11  to  13, 
where  I  am  satisfied  that  it  is  the  now  very  popular  betterment 
of  the  "bridal  wreath,"  X  8.  Vanhouttei.  The  Cyclopedia  tells 
me  that  this  is-  a  hybrid  of  its  fore-runner,  8.  trilobata,  with 
8.  cantoniensis,  and  incidentally  I  learn  something  of  the  num- 
ber of  species1  of  this  attractive  genus  that  the  larger  collec- 
tions may  include,  and  of  their  scientific  classification. 


xii  SYNOPSIS   OF  GKOVPS 


SYNOPSIS  OF  GROUPS 

Trees,  as  usually  grown  for  groves,  avenues  and  specimens. 
(Young  specimens  may  resemble  bushes).  Key  A  (p.  xiii). 

Bushes,  as  usually  grown  for  blocking-out,  shubberies,  speci- 
mens and  hedges, — including  such  small  trees  as  sumach 
and  trees  that  are  cut  back  in  hedges  or  for  the  bright 
color  of  their  young  shoots  in  winter.  Dwarfed  ever- 
greens are  to  be  sought  in  the  preceding  key.  Key  B  (p.  xxi) . 

Small  undershrubs,  as  well  as  carpeting  plants,  and  tufted  ever- 
greens used  for  covering  rock-work,  etc.  Key  C  (p.  xxxvii). 

Woody  climbers  and  scrambling  plants  us-ed  on  walls,  pergolas, 
etc.,  and  for  covering  rock-work.  Key  D  (p.  xli). 


TREES  xiii 


A.     USUALLY  SEEN  AS  TREES. 

1.  Evergreen:   unarmed  except  as1  the  simple  leaves  may  be 

pungently  pointed  or  toothed;    or  some  leaflets  may 
be  spine-like  or  the  petioles  with  stout  prickles.  2. 
Deciduous.  33. 

2.  Leaves  needle-like  or  narrow,  in  terminal  whorls  on  short 

spurs  that  are  sheathed  with  scales.  3. 
Leaves  not  in  scale-sheathed  clusters.  4. 

3.  Needles  1-5,  angular,  in  a  rather  erect  cluster,     p.  9.  Pinus. 
Leaves  numerous,  flat,  spreading.  p.  10.  Sciadopitys. 

4.  Leaves  alternate  or  in  crowded  clusters.  5. 
Leaves  opposite,  small  or  very  narrow.  25. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  3.  p.  14.  Juniperus. 

Leaves  alternate. 

5.  Leaves  small  or  very  narrow.  6. 
Leaves  relatively  large  or  broad.  15. 

6.  Leaves  4-sided  or  4-grooved.  7. 

Leaves  not  4-sided,  or  if  so  neither   clustered  nor  from 
raised  bases.  9. 

7.  Leaves  often  clustered  on  short  spurs.  p.  8.  Cedrus. 
Leaves  not  clustered  on  spurs.  8. 

_^8.  Leaves  green,  not  disarticulating.           p.  11.  Cryptomeria. 
Leaves  often  glaucous,  disarticulating.  p.  6.  Picea. 

9.  Leaves  green  on  both  sides.  10. 
Leaves  white-lined  beneath.  11 

10.  Leaves  elongated,  narrowed  at  base.  p.  4.  Taxus. 
Leaves  short  and  sharp,  sessile.                     p.  11.  Sequoia. 

11.  Leaves  decurrent  in  ridges  on  the  twigs.  12. 
Leaves  not  at  all  decurrent.  14. 

12.  Leaves  mostly  serrulate  above.  p.  6.  Tsuga. 
Leaves  entire.  13. 

13.  Leaves  sessile,  4-ranked;  fruit  a  cone.  p.  11.  Sequoia. 
Leaves  narrowed  at  base,  elongated.  p.  5.  Torreya. 


xiv 


TREES 


p.  7.  Abies, 
p.  7.  Pseudotsuga. 


Persea. 
p.  67.  Prunus. 

p.  86.  Ilex, 
p.  45.  Cinnamomum. 


p.  17.  Phoenix. 


14.  Buds  very  resinous. 
Buds  not  resinous. 

15.  Leaves  simple.  16. 

Leaves  compound  or  divided.  (Palms).  21. 

16.  Leaves  broad  but  grass-like,  2-ranked.       p.  15.  Gramineae. 
Leaves  sword-like  or  else  basaL  p.  16.  Yucca. 
Leaves  neither  sword-like  nor  as  in  grasses.  17. 

17.  Stipule-scars  encircling  the  twig.  p.  42.  Magnolia. 
Stipule-scars  not  encircling  the  twig.  18. 

18.  Leaves  glaucous  beneath. 
Leaves  not  glaucous.  19. 

19.  Leaves  with  nectar-glands  beneath. 
Leaves  without  nectar-glands.  20. 

20.  Not  aromatic:  leaves  often  pungent. 
Smelling  of  cinnamon  or  camphor. 

21.  Leaves  appearing  as  if  pinnate.  22. 
Leaves  palmately  divided.  24. 

22.  Lower  leaflets  spine-like. 
Leaflets  not  spine-like.  23. 

23.  Flower-clusters  from  between  the  leaves.          p.  17.  Cocos. 
Flower-clusters  below  the  leaves.  p.  18.  Oreodoxa. 

24.  Midrib  of  leaves  recurving.  p.  17.  Sabal. 
Midrib  straight.                                        p.  17.  Washingtonia. 

Leaves  opposite. 

25.  Leaves  spreading.  26. 

Leaves  closely  appressed  to  twig.  27. 

26.  Leaves  very  stiff:  fruit  a  cone. 
Leaves  stiff:  fruit  rather  fleshy. 

Leaves  flexible.   (Chamaecyparis  or  Thuja).  "Retinispora". 

27.  Leaves  all  alike:  twigs  not  flattened.  28. 

Leaves  flat  on  the  sides  of  the  flattened  twigs,  and 
v-grooved  on  their  edges.  30. 

28.  Foliage-sprays  not  fan-like:  fruit  fleshy,      p.14.  Juniperus. 
Foliage-sprays1  fan-like:  fruit  a  cone.  29. 

29.  Seeds  2-3  under  eatSi  cone-scale.          p.  14.  Chamaecyparis. 
Seeds  numerous  under  each  scale.  p.  13.  Cupressus. 


p.  11.  Sequoia, 
p.  14.  Juniperus. 


TREES  xv 

30.  Internodes  elongated.  Libocedrus. 
Internodes  about  as1  broad  as  long.  31. 

31.  Internodes  narrow  (1-1.5  mm.).          p.  14.  Chamaecyparis. 
Internodes  distinctly  broader.  32. 

32.  Internodes  2-4  mm.  wide:  seeds  2.  p.  12.  Thuja. 
Internodes  broader:  seeds  numerous.         p.  13.  Thujopsis. 

Deciduous  Trees. 

33.  Armed  with  at  least  some  spines  or  prickles.  34. 
Unarmed.  46. 

Armed. 

34.  Leaves  alternate,  never  4-ranked.  35. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  4-ranked  if  alternate.  45. 

35.  With  prickles  only.  36. 

With  thorns  occupying  the  place  of  stipules.  38. 
With  pungent  twigs  or  spurs.  40. 

36.  Leaves  digitate  or  digitately  lobed.    p.  112.  Acanthopanax. 
Leaves  bipinnate.  p.  112.  Aralia. 
Leaves  once  pinnate.  37. 

37.  Armed  only  when  young.  p.  80.  Ailanthus. 
Prickles  persistent.                                   p.  79.  Zanthoxylum. 

38.  Leaves  pinnately  compound:   thorns  detachable. 

Pellucid-dotted.  p.  79.  Zanthoxylum. 

Not  pellucid-dotted.  p.  74.  Robinia. 

Leaves  simple:  thorns  firm.  39. 

39.  Glabrous:  fruit  dry,  winged.  p.  98.  Paliurus. 
Pubescent:  fruit  drupe-like.                           p.  98.  Zizyphus. 

40.  Leaves  simple.  41. 

Leaves  both  pinnate  and  bipinnate.  p.  69.  Gleditsia. 

41.  With  silvery  or  brown  peltate  scales.      p.  107.  Elaeagnus. 
Not  scurfy.  42. 

42.  Sap  milky.  p.  30.  Maclura. 
Sap  not  milky.  43. 

43.  With  nectar-glands  on  leaf-base  or  petiole,    p.  67.  Prunus. 
Leaves  without  nectar-glands:  fruit  a  pome.  44. 

44.  Bud-scales  thin:  core  of  fruit  papery.  p.  56.  Pyrus. 
Bud-scales  fleshy:  core  of  fruit  bony.        p.  60.  Crataegus. 

45.  With  silvery  or  brown  peltate  scales,      p.  107.  Shepherdia. 
Not  scurfy:  spines  short,  terminal.  p.  97.  Rhamnus. 


xvi  TREES 

Unarmed. 

46.  Leaves  alternate,  or  clustered  on  alternate  spurs.  47. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  4-ranked  if  separated.  117. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  large.  p.  138.  Catalpa. 

Leaves  alternate. 

47.  Leaves  small  and  very  narrow:  fruit  a  cone.  48. 
Leaves  comparatively  large.  50. 

Simple. 

48.  Leaves  on  slender  deciduous  twigs.  p.  11.  Taxodium. 
Leaves  clustered  on  short  stout  spurs.  49. 

49.  Scales  of  cone  persistent.  p.  8.  Larix. 
Scales  of  cone  deciduous.                                      Pseudolarix. 

50.  Leaves  fine-nerved  from  the  base.  p.  4.  Ginkgo. 
Leaves  netted-veined.  51. 

51.  Leaves  simple.  52. 
Leaves  compound.  99. 

52.  Stipule-scars  encircling  the  twig.  53. 
Stipule-scars1  distinctly  shorter,  or  buds  sharp.  56. 

53.  Leaves  entire:  sap  not  milky.  p.  42.  Magnolia. 
Leaves  lobed.  54. 

54.  Buds  2-edged:  sap  not  milky.  p.  41.  Liriodendron. 
Buds  not  flattened.  55. 

55.  Sap  milky:  buds  not  fluted.  p.  32.  Ficus. 
Sap  not  milky:  buds  fluted.                             p.  52.  Platanus. 

56.  Bud&  with  a  single  scale,  in  front.  p.  19.  Salix. 
Buds  naked  or  else  with  several  visible  scales.  57. 

57.  Buds  fusiform,  spreading,  spine-like.  p.  27.  Fagus. 
Buds  not  at  all  spine-like.  58. 

58.  Silvery-  or  brown-scurfy.  p.  107.  Elaeagnus. 
Mucilaginous,  aromatic:   twigs  green.         p.  44.  Sassafras. 
Neither  scurfy  nor  very  mucilaginous.  59. 

59.  Leaves  2-ranked,  at  least  on  spreading  branches.  60. 
Leaves  not  2-ranked,  but  sometimes  in  1  plane.  77. 

60.  Leaves  palmately  nerved.  61. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined.  66. 

61.  Sap  milky  but  sometimes  scant.  62. 
Sap  not  milky.  63. 


TREES  xvii 

62.  Twigs  and  leaves  hairy.  p.  30.  Broussonetia. 
At  most  rough  or  velvety  or  downy.  p.  31.  Morus. 

63.  Twigs  moderate,  or  if  slender  pith  continuous.  64. 
Twigs  slender:  pith  commonly  chambered.        p.  34.  Celtis 

64.  Leaves  entire,  glabrate.  p.  70.  Cercis. 
Leaves  serrate.  65. 

65.  Twigs  slender:  peduncle  becoming  fleshy,     p.  98.  Hovenia. 
Twigs  stouter:  peduncle  slender,  bracted.          p.  101.  Tilia. 

66.  Pith  more  or  less  spongy  or  chambered.  67. 
Pith  continuous.  68. 

67.  Fruit  fleshy:  calyx  large.  p.  125.  Diospyros. 
Fruit  dry,  winged.  p.  126.  Halesia. 

68.  Buds  naked.  p.  97.  Rhamnus. 
Buds  scaly.  69. 

69.  Bud-scales  2-ranked.  70. 
Bud-scales  in  more  than  2  ranks.  71. 

70.  Fruit  thin  and  winged.  p.  32.  Ulmus. 
Fruit  not  winged,  tuberculate:  leaves  small,   p.  33.  Planera. 

71.  End-bud  present  on  spurs.  72. 

End-buds  always  absent:  twigs  slender.  74. 

72.  Pith  very  small,  3-sided.  p.  25.  Betula. 
Pith  5-sided.  73. 

73.  Twigs  slender:  leaves  finely  toothed,    p.  60.  Amelanchier. 
Twigs  stouter:  leaves  coarsely  toothed.      p.  28.  Castanea. 

74.  Bud-scales  striate.  75. 
Bud-scales  scarcely  striate.  76. 

75.  Bark  rough:  fruit  hop-like.  p.  24.  Ostrya. 
Bark  white  or  papery,  or  aromatic.                   p.  25.  Betula. 

76.  Fruit  ribbed,  with  hastate  bract.  p.  25.  Carpinus. 
Fruit  not  ribbed:  leaves  rough.  p.  34.  Zelkova. 

77.  Pith  rather  large,  or  star-shaped.  78. 

Pith  not  star-shaped,  or,  if  so,  buds  stalked.  82. 


xviii 


TREES 


78.  Buds  with  lowest  scale  in  front.  p.  18.  Populus. 
Buds  with  lowest  scales  at  the  side.  79. 

79.  Twigs  very  slender:  toothing  fine.          p.  60.  Amelanchier. 
Twigs  stouter:  leaves  never  very  finely  serrate.  80. 

80.  Leaves  entire  or  pinnately  lobed.  p.  29.  Quercus. 
Leaves  palmately  lobed.  81. 

81.  Leaves  star-shaped  or  maple-like.          p.  52.  Liquidambar. 
Leaves  large  with  dilated  lobes.  p.  102.  Sterculia. 

82.  Buds  stalked,  or  developing  the  first  season.  83. 
Buds  not  stalked.  84. 

83.  Leaves  palmately  nerved  and  lobed.       p.  52.  Liquidambar. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined  and  toothed  or  lobed.  p.  26.  Alnus. 


84.  Nectar-glands  on  petiole  or  leaf-base. 
Leaves  without  nectar-glands.  85. 

85.  Pith  chambered.  86. 
Pith  continuous.  88. 

86.  Leaves  thin,  not  revolute.  87. 
Leaves  firm,  revolute:  fruit  fleshy. 

87.  Fruit  fleshy:  calyx  large. 
Fruit  dry,  winged. 

88.  Buds  naked. 
Buds  scaly.  89. 

89.  Leaves  not  lobed.  90. 
Leaves  lobed.  97. 

90.  Leaves  very  woolly  beneath,  entire. 
Leaves  toothed  if  at  all  woolly.  91. 

91.  Leaves  firm  and  very  glossy.  92. 
Leaves  thinner  and  duller.  93. 

92.  Pith  with  firmer  plates. 

Pith  without  firmer  diaphragms. 
Bundle-trace  1. 
Bundle-traces  3. 

93.  Leaves  whitened  beneath. 


p.  67.  Prunus. 


p.  126.  Symplocos. 

p.  125.  Diospyros. 

p.  126.  Halesia. 

p.  97.  Rhamnus. 


p.  58.  Cydonia. 


p.  111.  Nyssa. 

120.  Oxydendrum. 
p.  56.  Pyrus. 

p.  109.  Cornus. 


Leaves  not  whitened  unless  by  tomentum.  94. 


TRRES  xix 

94.  Without  end-bud.  p.  67.  Prunus. 
With  a  terminal  bud.  95. 

95.  Buds  not  elongated.  p.  56.  Pyrus. 
Buds  distinctly  elongated.  96. 

96.  Buds  woolly,  rather  large.  p.  57  Sorbus. 
Buds  not  woolly,  usually  small.              p.  60.  Amelanchier. 

97.  Leaves  pinnately  lobed.  98. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed.  p.  52.  Liquidambar. 

98.  Fruit  berry-like.  p.  57.  Sorbus. 
Fruit  with  a  bony  core.                                  p.  60.  Crataegus. 

Compound. 

99.  Leaves1  only  once  pinnate.  100. 
Leaves  often  or  always  bipinnate.  114. 

100.  Leaflets  3,  close  together.  101. 
Leaflets  several,  distinctly  pinnate.  102. 

101.  Leaflets  pellucid-dotted.  p.  78.  Ptelea. 
Leaflets  not  pellucid-dotted.                         p.  72.  Laburnum. 

102.  Twigs  stout:  pith  large,  continuous,  finally  colored.  103. 
Twigs  moderate,  or  pith  becoming  chambered 

or  angled  or  pale.  105. 

103.  Leaves  with  glands  on  lower  teeth.  p.  80.  Ailanthus. 
Leaves  without  nectar-glands.  104. 

104.  End-bud  present:   leaflets  large.  p.  80.  Cedrela. 
End-bud  absent:  leaflets  small.                      p.  69.  Gleditsia. 

105.  Pith  finally  chambered,  with  thin  brown  plates.  106. 
Pith  not  chambered.  107. 

106.  Buds  solitary  in  the  axils.  p.  22.  Pterocarya. 
Buds  several,  superposed  in  the  axils.  p.  21.  Juglans. 

107.  Buds  concealed  by  a  membrane.  p.  74.  Robinia. 
Buds  exposed  when  the  leaves  fall.  108. 

108.  Leaf-scar  nearly  encircling  the  bud.  109. 
Leaf-scar  not  encircling  the  bud.  110. 

109.  Leaflets  small  (2X4  cm.).  p.  71.  Sophora. 
Leaflets  large  (often  5  X  10  cm.).                 p.  71.  Cladrastis. 

110.  Leaf-scars  large,  shield-shaped:  buds  often  superposed.  111. 
Leaf-scars  small  or  narrow,  or  buds  solitary.  112. 

111.  End-bud  present:  buds  ovoid  or  elongated.      p.  23.  Carya. 
End-bud  deciduous:   buds  half-round.          p.  96.  Sapindus. 


xx  TREES 

112.  Leaflets  coarsely  toothed  and  lobed.          p.  95.Koelreuteria. 
Leaflets  only  toothed.  113. 

Leaflets  entire.  (Maackia).  p.  71.  Cladrastis. 

113.  Buds  very  small:  leaves  abruptly  pinnate,    p.  69.  Gleditsia. 
Buds  rather  large:  leaves  odd-pinnate.  p.  57.  Sorbus. 

114.  Twigs  stout:  pith  large.  115. 
Twigs  and  pith  smaller.  116. 

115.  Leaflets  nearly  entire:  pith  colored.       p.  69.  Gymnocladus. 
Leaflets  distinctly  toothed.  p.  81.  Melia. 

116.  Leaflets  nearly  entire.  p.  69.  Gleditsia. 
Leaflets  coarsely  toothed.                           p.  95.  Koelreuteria. 

Leaves  opposite. 

117.  Leaves  simple.  118. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound.  126. 

Leaves  palmately  compound.  p.  93.  Aesculus. 

118.  .Leaves  regularly  palmately  lobed.  p.  90.  Acer. 
Leaves  not  uniformly  lobed.  119. 

119.  Leaves  very  large,  cordate.  p.  137.  Paulownia. 
Leaves  not  very  large.  120. 

120.  Leaves  cordate:  twigs  rosy.  p.  36.  Cercidiphyllum. 
Leaves  not  cordate.  121. 

121.  Leaves  all  in  opposite  pairs:  sap  not  milky.  122. 
Leaf-pairs  often  broken  or  aromatic  or  sap  milky.  123. 

122.  Leaf-scars  small  and  narrow.  p.  109.  Cornus. 
Leaf-scars  larger:  buds  superposed.          p.  127.  Fraxinus. 

123.  Twigs  4-winged:  flowers  showy.        p.  108.  Lagerstroemia. 
Twigs  not  winged:  flowers  small.  124. 

124.  Sap  milky:  very  hairy.  p.  30.  Broussonetia. 
Sap  not  milky.  125. 

125.  Not  aromatic:  flowers  in  catkins.  p.  19.  Salix. 
Aromatic,  like  camphor  or  cinnamon,  p.  45.  Cinnamomum. 

126.  Pith  large:  fruit  a  small  berry.  p.  141.  Sambucus. 
Pith   moderate.  127. 

127.  Leaflets  often  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed.  p.  90.  Acer. 
Leaflets  at  most  finely  toothed.  128. 

128.  Leaf-scar  nearly  encircling  bud.          p.  78.  Phellodendron. 
Leaf-scars  not  encircling  the  buds.  p.  127.  Fraxinus. 


SHRUBS 


B.     USUALLY  SEEN  AS  SHRUBS. 

1.  Evergreen.  2. 
Deciduous.  35. 

2.  Spiny.  3. 

Unarmed  unless  the  leaves  are  pointed  or  toothed.  4. 
Evergreen  Shrubs — Armed. 

3.  Leaves  simple:  some  twigs  pungent.         p.  62.  Pyracantha. 
Leaves  appearing  simple,  some  pungent.      p.  39.  Berberis. 
Leaves  compound,  of  3  leaflets.  p.  77.  Triphasia. 

Evergreen  Shrubs — Unarmed. 

4.  Leaves  alternate,  or  clustered  on  alternate  spurs.  5. 
Leaves  opposite  or  else  in  4  ranks.  26. 

Leaves  usually  or  always1  3  at  a  node.  33. 

Leaves  alternate. 

5.  Leaves  simple.  6. 
Leaves  compound.  25. 

6.  Stipule-scars  encircling  the  twig.  p.  42.  Magnolia. 
Stipule-scars  if  present  not  encircling  the  twig.  7. 

7.  Leaves  with  minute  resin-glands.  8. 
Leaves  not  resinous-dotted.  9. 

8.  Leaves  more  or  less  toothed.  p.  20.  Myrica. 
Leaves  only  ciliate.                                     p.  118.  Andromeda. 

9.  Leaves  essentially  entire.  10. 

Leaves  evidently  toothed  or  crenate.  23. 

10.  Leaves  scarcely  25  mm.  long.  11. 
Leaves  distinctly  larger.  13. 

11.  Dwarf  or  spreading.  12. 

Taller  and  more  bushy.  p.  85.  Cliftonia. 

12.  Leaves  flat:  bark  rather  fleshy.  p.  106.  Daphne. 
Leaves  revolute:  bark  thin.  p.  59.  Cotoneaster. 

13.  Twigs  stout.  p.  115.  Rhododendron. 
Twigs  slender.  14. 

14.  Leaves  bristly-ciliate.  (Azalea).  p.  115.  Rhododendron. 
Leaves  not  ciliate.  15. 


xxii 


SHRUBS 


15.  Leaves  pellucid-dotted.  p.  79.  Skimmia. 
Leaves  not  pellucid-dotted.  16. 

16.  Leaves  not  3-nerved.  17. 
Leaves  with  submarginal  nerves. 

17.  Leaves  more  or  less  revolute.  18. 
Leaves  not  revolute.  19. 

18.  Leaves  scurfy  beneath. 

At  most  sparingly  rusty-chaffy. 

19.  Bark  fleshy:  flowers  not  in  racemes. 
Bark  thin:  bushy.  20. 

20.  Leaves  thin  and  very  veiny. 
Leaves  thicker.  21. 

21.  Flowers  and  fleshy  fruits  axillary. 
Flowers  and  dry  fruits  in  racemes.  22. 

22.  Leaves  neither  dotted  nor  very  veiny. 
Leaves  veiny,  black-dotted  beneath. 

23.  Leaves  closely  serrate.  24. 

Leaves  very  small  if  closely  serrate. 

24.  Leaves  glabrous. 
Leaves  appressed-hairy. 

25.  Leaves  digitate. 
Leaves  pinnate. 

Leaves  opposite. 

26.  Leaves  very  small  and  narrow,  auricled. 
Leaves  relatively  large  or  broad.  27. 

27.  Leaves  entire.  28. 
Leaves  toothed,  firm.  31. 

28.  Leaves  rather  thin,  dotted  beneath. 
Leaves  more  coriaceous.  29. 

29.  Leaves  scarcely  25mm.  long:  twigs  4-ridged.  p.  82.  Buxus 
Leaves  distinctly  larger,  or  whitened  beneath.  30. 

30.  Leaves  rugose:   stipules  connate.  p.  140.  Gardenia 
Leaves  not  rugose:  no  stipules.  p.  117.  Kalmia 

31.  Leaves  toothed  as  in  holly.  p.  131.  Osmanthus 
Leaves  not  pungently  toothed.  32. 


p.  119.  Pieris. 


p.  119.  Lyonia. 
p.  117.  Kalmia. 
p.  106.  Daphne. 

p.  85.  Cyrilla. 
p.  86.  Ilex. 

p.  85.  Cliftonia. 
p.  119.  Pieris. 

p.  86.  Ilex. 

p.  121.  Gaultheria. 

p.  118.  Leucothoe. 

p.  38.  Stauntonia. 

p.  39.  Mahonia. 

p.  121.  Calluna. 


p.  131.  Ligustrum. 


SHRUBS  xxiii 

32.  Leaves  crenate.  p.  87.  Evonymus. 
Leaves  dentate.  p.  111.  Aucuba. 
Leaves  serrate.                                               p.  142.  Viburnum. 

Leaves  whorled. 

33.  Leaves  very  small,  white  above.  p.  14.  Juniperus. 
Leaves  moderately  large,  not  dagger-like.  34. 

34.  Leaves  rugose,  with  stipules.  p.  140.  Gardenia. 
Leaves  not  rugose,  without  stipules.  ..  p.  117.  Kalmia. 

35.  At  least  with  some  prickles  or  spines.  36. 
Without  spines  or  pungent  prickles.  66. 

Deciduous  Shrubs — Armed. 

36.  Leaves1  alternate,  or  clustered  on  alternate  spurs.  37. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  else  4-ranked.  63. 

Leaves  alternate. 

37.  With  prickles  or  pungent  stipules  only.  38. 
With  some  leaf-  or  branch-spines.  49. 

38.  With  prickles  only.  39. 

With  pungent  stipules  (at  side  of  leaf-base).  44. 

39.  Leaves  simple,  lobed.  p.  50.  Ribes. 
Leaves  compound.  40. 

40.  Leaves  digitate  or  appearing  so.  41. 
Leaves1  distinctly  pinnate.  42. 

41.  Leaflets  stalked,  usually  hairy.  p.  64.  Rubus. 
Leaflets  sessile,  glabrous.                 .  p.  112.  Acanthopanax. 

42.  Leaves  once  pinnate.  43. 

Leaves  bipinnate.  p.  112.  Aralia. 

43.  Petioles  breaking  above  the  base.  p.  64.  Rubus. 
Petioles  disarticulating  from  the  stem.  p.  66.  Rosa. 

44.  Leaves  simple.  45. 
Leaves  compound.  46. 

45.  Fruit  dry,  winged.  p.  98.  Paliurus. 
Fruit  fleshy.                                                        p.  98.  Zizyphus. 

46.  Leaves   aromatic,   pellucid-dotted.          p.  79.  Zanthoxylum. 
Leaves  not  aromatic.  47. 

47.  Leaves  with  a  terminal  leaflet.  p.  74.  Robinia. 
Leaves  without  a  terminal  leaflet.  48. 


xxiv  SHRUBS 

48.  Leaflets  blunt  or  notched.  p.  76.  Caragana. 
Leaflets  acute.                                         p.  76.  Halimodendron. 

49.  With  leaf-spines  (below  a  bud  or  branch).  50. 
With  stem-spines1  (axillary,  or  ending  a  branch).  52. 

50.  Leaves  appearing  simple,  often  clustered,      p.  39.  Berberis. 
Leaves  distinctly  compound,  with  pungent  axis.  51. 

51.  Leaflets  blunt  or  notched.  p.  76.  Caragana. 
Leaflets  acute  or  bristle-tipped.           p.  76.  Halimodendron. 

52.  With  silvery  or  brown  scales  or  stellate  hairs.  53. 
Not  scurfy.  54. 

53.  Leaves  almost  linear.  p.  108.  Hippophae. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptic.  p.  107.  Elaeagnus. 

54.  Sap  milky.  55. 
Sap  not  milky.  56. 

55.  Leaves  scarcely  25  mm.  wide:  fruit  small,    p.  125.  Bumelia. 
Leaves  and  fruit  larger.  p.  30.  Maclura. 

56.  With  nectar-glands  on  petiole  or  leaf-base.      p.  67.  Prunus. 
Without  such  glands.  57. 

57.  Twigs  distinctly  angled.  58. 
Twigs  rounded:  fruit  a  pome.  61. 

58.  Both  leaves-  and  twigs  pungent.  p.  73.  Ulex. 
Leaves  not  pungent.  59. 

59.  Leaves  simple:  twigs  whitish.  p.  136.  Lycium. 
Leaves  compound.  60. 

60.  Leaves  scarcely  1  cm.  long.  p.  73.  Cytisus. 
Leaves  much  larger.                                         p.  78.  Poncirus. 

61.  Bud-scales  fleshy:  core  of  fruit  bony.        p.  60.  Crataegus. 
Bud-s(cales  not  fleshy:  core  papery.  62. 

62.  Glabrous  or  glabrescent.  p.  58.  Chaenomeles. 
More  or  less  woolly.  p.  56.  Pyrus. 

Leaves  opposite. 

63.  Scurfy  with  silvery  or  brown  scales.      p.  107.  Shepherdia. 
Not  scurfy.  64. 

64.  Spines  short,  between  the  uppermost  buds.  p.  97.  Rhamnus. 
Spines  longer.  65. 

65.  Leaves  acute  at  both  ends.  p.  130.  Forestiera. 
Leaves  rounded  at  base.  p.  142.  Viburnum. 


SHRUBS  xxv 

Deciduous  Shrubs — Unarmed. 

66.  Leaves  alternate  or  on  alternate  spurs.  67. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  in  4  ranks  if  separated.  180. 

*  Leaves-  whorled  (often  also  opposite).  243. 
Leaves  alternate. 

67.  Leaves  simple  or  appearing  so.  68. 
Leaves  distinctly  compound.  155. 

Simple. 

68.  Leaves  extremely  small  or  very  narrow.  69. 
Leaves  relatively  larger  or  broader.  70. 

69.  Leaves  almost  scale-like,  overlapping.         p.  105.  Tamarix. 
Leaves  elongated,  not  overlapping.  p.  54.  Spiraea. 

70.  Stipule-scars  encircling  the  twig.  p.  42.  Magnolia. 
Stipule-scars  if  pres'ent  not  encircling  the  twig.  71. 

71.  Leaves  essentially  entire.  72. 

Leaves  distinctly  crenate  or  toothed.  103. 
Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  lobed.  144. 
Entire. 

72.  Aromatic  or  spicy.  73. 

Not  markedly  aromatic.  75. 

73.  Twigs  with  abundant  gummy  sap.  p.  85.  Cotinus. 
Sap  not  gummy:   twigs  green.  74. 

74.  Leaves  often  lobed,  mucilaginous.  p.  44.  Sassafras. 
Leaves  neither  lobed  nor  mucilaginous.       p.  44.  Benzoin. 

75.  Lower  leaves  opposite.  p.  108.  Lagerstroemia. 
Leaves  all  alternate,  or  clustered  above.  76. 

76.  Leaves  palmately  nerved,  2-ranked,  rather  large.  77. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined.  78. 

77.  Leaves  nearly  round:  buds1  small.  p.  70.  Cercis. 
Leaves  elliptic:  buds  elongated.                  p.  50.  Corylopsis. 

78.  Buds  with  a  single  scale,  in  front.  p.  19.  Salix. 
Buds  naked  or,  usually,  with  several  scales.  79. 

79.  Twigs  constricted  at  winter-nodes.  p.  106.  Dirca. 
Twigs  not  constricted.  80. 

80.  End-bud  naked,  lateral  buds  globose.  p.  43.  Asimina. 
Buds  all  scaly.  81. 


xxvi  SHRUBS 

81.  Leaves  with  twinned  hairs  beneath.  p.  109.  Cornus. 
Leaves  resinous  beneath.                           p.  122.  Gaylussacia. 
Leaves  neither  resinous  nor  with  twinned  hairs.  82. 

82.  Leaves  scurfy  or  hairy  or  ciliate.  83. 
Leaves  essentially  glabrous  when  mature.  90. 

83.  Scurfy  with  peltate  scales.  p.  107.  Elaeagnus. 
Leaves  hairy  or  stellate-scurfy  beneath.  84. 

84.  Leaves  and  berry-like  fruit  small.  85. 
Leaves  rather  large  or  else  fruit  dry.  86. 

85.  With  stipules  or  stipule-scars.  p.  59.  Cotoneaster. 
Without  stipules.  p.  123.  Vaccinium. 

86.  Leaves  woolly  beneath,  round-elliptic.  p.  58.  Cydonia. 
Leaves  and  twigs  at  first  stellate-scurfy.        p.  126.  Styrax. 
Pubescence  neither  woolly  nor  scurfy.  87. 

87.  Twigs  coarse,  hairy:  bundle-traces  3.  p.  21.  Leitneria. 
Twigs  rather  slender:   bundle-trace  one.  88. 

88.  Buds  pres'sed  into  grooves  in  the  stem.  p.  119.  Lyonia. 
Buds  not  in  grooves.  89. 

89.  Veins  of  leaves  much  raised.  p.  123.  Vaccinium. 
Veins  of  leaves  less  prominent.         p.  115.  Rhododendron. 

90.  Leaves  lanceolate.   91. 

Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic  or  obovate.  96. 

91.  Twigs  green,  distinctly  angled.  p.  72.  Genista. 
Twigs  not  green  when  mature.  92. 

92.  Leaves  crowded  at  end  of  stem.  p.  106.   Daphne. 
Leaves  scattered.    93. 

93.  Stellate-scurfy  when  growing.  p.  126.   Styrax. 
Without  star-shaped  hairs.    94. 

94.  Fruit  dry:  bark  shredding.  p.  119.   Pieris. 
Fruit  fleshy.    95. 

95.  With  minute  stipules:  drupes  short-stalked,   p.  86.  Ilex. 
Without  stipules:   stalks  long.  p.  123.  Vaccinium. 

96.  Leaves  green  on  both  sides.    97. 
Leaves  pale  or  whitened  beneath.    100. 


SHRUBS  xxvii 

97.  Leaves  crowded  at  end  of  stem.  p.  120.   Enkianthus. 
Leaves  scattered.   98. 

98.  Leaves  very  veiny..  p.  123.  Vaccinium. 
Leaves  not  very  veiny.   99. 

99.  Leaves  acute  at  both  ends.  p.  126.  Styrax. 
Leaves  rounded  at  both  ends.  p.  81.  Andrachne. 

100.  Fruit  star-shaped:  bundle-traces  3.          p.  63.  Exochorda. 
Fruit  not  star-shaped:  bundle-trace  one.   101. 

101.  Fruit  dry:  twigs  fluted.  p.  81.  Securinega. 
Fruit  fleshy:  twigs  not  fluted.    102. 

102.  Fruit  drupe-like,  long-stalked.         p.  87.  Nemopanthus. 
Fruit  berry-like.  p.  123.  Vaccinium. 

Toothed. 

103.  Leaves  or  twigs  with  resin-glands  or  blisters.  104. 
Without  resin-glands.    105. 

104.  Not  aromatic:   pith  3-sided.  p.  25.  Betula. 
,  Aromatic;  fruit  waxy.                                      p.  20.  Myrica. 

105.  Leaves  palmately  nerved  or  triple-nerved.   106. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined.   110. 

106.  Pith  chambered,  at  least  in  plaoes.  p.  34.   Celtis. 
Pith  continuous.   107. 

107.  Rather  soft-wooded  and  tender.   108. 

Fully  lignified.  p.  100.   Vitis. 

108.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy.  p.  147.  Baccharis. 
Leaves  not  fleshy.   109. 

109.  Leaves  narrow  and  small.  p.  54.  Spiraea. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  larger.  p.  97.  Ceanothus. 

110.  Buds  stalked  or  developing  the  first  year.   111. 
Buds  neither  stalked  nor  developing  at  once.   117. 

111.  Leaves  2-ranked.   112. 

Leaves  inserted  in  more  than  2  ranks.    115. 

112.  Leaves  ovate.   113. 

Leaves  coarsely  crenate.  114. 

113.  Leaves  finely  serrate.  p.  106.  Stachyurus. 
Leaves  coarsely  dentate-serrate.  p.  63.  Kerria. 


xxviii 


SHRUBS 


114.  Leaves  entire  below.  p.  51.   Fothergilla. 
Leaves  crenate  throughout.  p.  51.   Hamamelis. 

115.  Buds  sessile:  bundle-trace  one.   116. 

Buds  stalked:  bundle-traces  3.  p.  26.   Alnus. 

116.  Flowers  on  leafy  branches.  p.  126.   Sty  rax. 
Flowers  in  leafless  racemes.                       p.  113.   Clethra. 

113.  Pith  rather  large,  star-shaped.   118. 
Pith  small  if  grooved.   119. 

118.  Buds  crowded  above,  with  several  scales,  p.  29.  Quercus. 
Buds  not  crowded,  2  exposed  scales.       p.  28.  Castanea. 

119.  Leaves  2-ranked,  at  least  on  spreading  shoots.    120. 
Leaves  inserted  in  more  than  2  ranks.   122. 

120.  Twigs  commonly  bristly:    fruit  a  nut.  p.   23.   Corylus. 
Twigs  and  fruit  different.    121. 

121.  Pith  3-sided,  small:  flowers  in  catkins.       p.  25.   Betula. 
Pith  and  inflorescence  different.  p.  59.   Photinia. 

122.  Nectar-glands  on  petiole  or  leaf-basie.  p.  67.  Prunus. 
Leaves  without  nectar-glands.    123. 

123.  Pith  chambered.    124. 
Pith  continuous.    125. 

124.  Leaves  thin:  fruit  winged.  p.  126.  Halesia. 
Leaves  firm  and  revolute,  sweet.       p.  126.   Symplocos. 

125.  Leaves  appearing  entire  except  under  lens.    126. 
Leaves  distinctly  but  mostly  finely  toothed.    128. 

126.  Buds  pressed  into  grooves  in  the  stem.    p.  119.  Lyonia. 
Buds  not  in  grooves.    127. 

127.  Branches  long  and  slender.  p.  54.  Spiraea. 
Branches  short,  green  or  granular,     p.  123.  Vaccinium. 
Branches  short,  not  green.                    p.  118.  Leucothoe. 

128.  Midrib  with  minute  dark  glands  above,  p.  57.   Aronia. 
Without  such  glands.    129. 

129.  Bud-scale  solitary,  in  front.  p.  19.   Salix. 
Bud  scales  several.   130. 


SHRUBS 


xxix 


130.  Leaves  rather  woolly  beneath.    131. 
LeaVes  not  woolly.  134. 

131.  Twigs  woolly;  stipules  minute. 
Twigs  not  woolly.    132. 

132.  Bundle-traces  3:  stipules  evident. 
Bundle-trace  1:   stipules  obscure.  133. 

133.  Fruit  a  small  axillary  drupe. 

Fruit  several  small  follicles  in  the  calyx,   p. 5 4.  Spiraea. 

134.  Buds  and  petioles  with  long  hairs,     p.  104.   Stewartia. 
Not  long-hairy.  135. 

135.  Leaves  rather  fleshy  or  3-nerved. 
Leaves  not  succulent.    136. 

136.  Bundle-traces  three.    137. 
Bundle-trace  one.    140. 

137.  Fruit  fleshy.    138. 
Fruit  dry,  star-shaped. 

138.  Fruit,  usually  large,  a  drupe. 
Fruit  berry-like.   139. 

139.  Buds  short. 
Buds  elongated. 

140.  Leaves  green  beneath.   141. 

Leaves  pale  or  white  beneath:  fruit  of  follicles.   143. 

141.  Fruit  drupe-like,  small.  p.  86.   Ilex. 
Fruit  dry.    142. 

142.  Fruit  a  small  capsule  in  each  calyx,  p.  120.  Enkianthus. 
Fruit  several  follicles  in  each  calyx.        p.  54.   Spiraea. 

143.  Follicles  glabrous:  stamens  short.  p.  54.   Spiraea. 
Follicles  silky:  stamens  showy.                p.  55.   Neviusia. 

Lobed. 

144.  Leaves  aromatic.    145. 

Not  markedly  aromatic.    146. 

145.  Leaves  narrow:  twigs  hairy.  p.  20.   Myrica. 
Leaves  broad:  twigs  green,  glabrate.          p.  44.  Sassafras. 

146.  With  nectar-glands  on  petiole  or  leaf.     p.  67.  Prunus. 
Without   such  nectar-glands.    147. 


p.  86.  Ilex. 

p.  56.  Pyrus 

p.  86.   Ilex. 


p.  147.  Baccharis. 


p.   63.   Exochorda. 
p.  67.     Prunus. 

p.  59.   Photinia. 
p.  60.  Amelanchier. 


xxx  SHRUBS 

147.  Leaves  rather  fleshy.  p.  147.  Baccharis. 
Leaves  not  succulent.    148. 

148.  Twigs  bristly.  p.  64.  Rubus. 
Twigs  not  bristly.    149. 

149.  Leaves  palmately  nerved.   150. 
Leaves  pinnately  veined.   153. 

150.  Leaves  mostly  acute.   151. 

Leaves  rather  obtuse:  fruit  fleshy.  p.  50.   Ribes. 

151.  Twigs  velvety:  flowers  large.  p.  103.   Hibiscus. 
Twigs  glabrous:  flowers  small.   152. 

152.  Leaf-scars  linear:  fruit  fleshy.  p.  50.   Ribes. 
Leaf-scars  rounded:  fruit  fleshy.                  p.  100.   Vitis. 
Leaf-scars  triangular:  fruit  dry.       p.  53.   Physocarpus. 

153.  Leaves  2-ranked:  twigs  slender.       p. 5 4.   Stephanandra. 
Leaves  inserted  in  more  than  2-ranks.   154. 

154.  Leaves  small:  fruit  dry:  twigs  slender,    p.  54.   Spiraea. 
Leaves  rather  large:  fruit  fleshy.  p.  56.  Pyrus. 

Compound. 

155.  CAUTION. — Leaves  once  compound.  156. 
Leaves  often  or  always  bipinnate.   175. 

156.  Leaves  digitate  or  appearing  so.   157. 
Leaves  distinctly  pinnate.   162. 

157.  CAUTION. — Sap  milky  or  resinous:  leaflets  three.  158. 
Sap  not  milky.    159. 

158.  POISONOUS. — Glabrate:  fruit  white,   (poison  ivy). 

p.  84.  Rhus. 
More  or  less  velvety:  fruit  red:  aromatic,    p.  84.  Rhus. 

159.  Leaves  with  pellucid  dots.  p.  78.  Ptelea. 
Leaves  not  pellucid-dotted.    160. 

160.  Leaflets  entire.  161. 

Leaflets  toothed,  acute.  p.  64.  Rubus. 

161.  Leaflets  3.  p.  72.  Laburnum. 
Leaflets    more  than  3.  p.  76.  Caragana. 

162.  CAUTION. — Leaflets  entire.  163. 
Leaflets  often  toothed.  170. 

163.  Leaflets  pellucid-dotted,  small.  p.  74.  Amorpha. 
Leaflets  not  pellucid-dotted.  164. 


SHRUBS 


xxxi 


164. 
165. 
166. 

167. 
168. 
169. 
170. 
171. 
172. 
173. 
174. 
175. 
176. 
177. 
178. 
179. 


Bristly  or  with  sticky  glands. 
Neither  bristly  nor  viscid.   165. 
CAUTION. — Sap  milky.  166. 
Sap  not  milky.   167. 
POISONOUS. — Rachis    not    winged. 


p.  74.   Robinia. 


(Poison  sumach), 
p.  84.  Rhus. 
p.  84.  Rhus. 


Rachis  winged  between  the  leaflets. 

Leaves  with  a  terminal  leaflet.  168. 

Leaves  without  a  terminal  leaflet. 

Leaflets  narrow,  silky:  plant  dwarf. 

Leaflets  short  and  broad.  169. 

Leaflets  sessile,  under  1  cm.  long. 

Leaflets  stalked,  one-half  longer. 

Leaves  with  glands  on  larger  teeth. 

Without  nectar-glands.  171. 

Sap  milky. 

Sap  not  milky.   172. 

Leaf-scars  narrow,  half-encircling  the  twig.   173. 

Leaf -scars  broad.   174. 

Buds  small:  plant  bushy. 

Buds  large:  plant  tree-like. 

Buds  large:  soft-wooded:  fruit  small. 

Buds  small:  wood  harder. 

Dwarf:  leaflets  minute.  p. 

Larger  in  every  way.   176. 


p.  76.  Caragana. 
p.  64.  Potentilla. 

p.  77.  Calophaca. 
p.  75.  Colutea. 
p.  80.  Ailanthus. 

p.  84.   Rhus. 


p.  66.   Rosa, 
p.  57.   Sorbus. 
p.  53.   Sorbaria. 
p.  95.  Xanthoceras. 
56;  Chaniaebatiaria. 


Sap  milky. 

Sap  not  milky.   177. 

Stem  stout:  buds  large. 
Stem  and  buds  moderate. 


p.  84.   Rhus. 


p.  36.   Paeonia. 


178. 


p.   37.  Zanthoriza. 


Leaf-scar  nearly  encircling  twig. 
Leaf-scars  shorter.   179. 

Twigs  slender,  often  with  tendrils.      p.  99.   Ampelopsis. 
Twigs  stouter:   leaflets  rather  small,     p.  69.  Gleditsia. 


xxxii  SHRUBS 

Leaves  opposite. 

180.  Leaves  simple.    181. 
Leaves  compound.   234. 

181.  Leaves  entire.   182. 

Leaves,  or  many  of  them,  toothed.  204. 
Leaves,  or  many  of  them,  lobed.   226. 
Entire. 

182.  Leaves  with  pellucid  dots.  p.  104.   Hypericum 
Leaves  not  pellucid-dotted.   183. 

183.  Very  aromatic  when  crushed.  p.  43.  Calycanthus, 
Not  noticeably  aromatic.   184. 

184.  Leaves  very  large,  cordate.  p.  137.   Paulownia, 
Leaves  only  moderately  large.   185. 

185.  Pith  chambered  or  excavated:  twigs  slender.  186. 
Pith  continuous.   187. 

186.  Buds  superposed  on  strong  branches,  p.  144.  Lonicera. 
Buds  not  superposed.  p.  147.   Symphoricarpos 

187.  Leaves  narrow  and  willow-like.   188. 
Leaves  not  willow-like.    189. 

188.  Low  and  spreading.  p.  144.   Lonicera. 
Taller.                                                           p.  139.   Chilopsia. 

189.  Leaves  with  appressed  twinned  hairs,      p.  109.   Cornus. 
Without  such  hairs.   190. 

190.  Half-lignified,  often  dying  back  in  winter.   191, 
Harder-wooded  and  hardier.  192. 

191.  Leaves  glossy,  rather  small.  p.    128.   Pontanesia. 
Leaves  dull,  rather  large.               p.  135.   Clerodendron, 

192.  Leaves  scarcely  25  mm.  wide.   193. 
Leaves  distinctly  larger.  200. 

193.  Leaves  microscopically  dark-dotted  beneath.    194. 
Leaves  not  dotted.   195. 

194.  Fruit  fleshy.  p.  131.  Ligustrum. 
Fruit  a  capsule.  p.  130.   Syringa. 

195.  Leaves  nearly  as  broad  as  long.    196. 
Leaves  more  elongated.    197. 

196.  Buds  superposed  on  strong  branches,  p.  144.  Lonicera. 
Buds  not  superposed.  p.  147.   Symphoricarpos. 


SHRUBS  xxxiii 

197.  More  or  less  stellate-pubescent.  p.  47.  Deutzia. 
Without  star-shaped  hairs.    198. 

198.  Leaves  not  truly  opposite,  in  4  ranks,  p.  97.  Rhamnus. 
Leaves  in  opposite  pairs.    199. 

199.  Leaves  scarcely  2  cm.  long,  rough.  p.  49.  Fendlera. 
Leaves  distinctly  larger.                              p.  109.   Cornus. 

200.  Leaves  white  beneath,  rough-edged.       p.  130.  Syringa. 
Leaves  at  most  pale  green  beneath.   201. 

201.  Buds  evident:  flowers  not  in  heads.   202. 

Buds  sunken  in  the  stem.  p.  140.  Cephalanthus. 

202.  Bud-scales  not  pungently  pointed.  203. 
Bud-scales  hard-pointed.  p.  131.  Chionanthus. 

203.  Leaves  finely  dotted  beneath.  p.  130.  Syringa. 
Leaves  not  dotted,  sometimes  scurfy,  p.  142.  Viburnum. 

Toothed. 

204.  Buds  with  a  single  scale,  in  front.  p.  19.   Salix. 
Buds  naked.   205. 

Buds  with  several  scales  or  else  concealed.   206. 

205.  Soft-wooded:   buds  superposed.          p.   135.   Callicarpa. 
Fully  lignified:   buds  solitary.  p.  142.   Viburnum. 

206.  Buds  covered  by  a  membrane.         p.  46.  Philadelphus. 
Buds  exposed  after  leaf-fall.   207. 

207.  Twigs  with  2  usually  hairy  lines.         p.  146.   Diervilla. 
Twigs  without  such  lines.    208. 

208.  Leaves  willow-like,  some  whorled.       p.  139.  Chilopsis. 
Leaves  broader  or  else  pith  chambered.   209 

209.  Pith  excavated  or  chambered.   210. 
Pith  continuous  or  at  most  spongy.   214. 

210.  Glabrous.   211. 

More  or  less  hairy.   212. 

211.  Soft-wooded  and  very  tender.  p.  146.   Leycesteria. 
Fully  lignified:  buds  clustered.  p.  129.  Forsythia. 

212.  Hairs  star-  or  shield-shaped.  p.  47.  Deutzia. 
Hairs  not  star-shaped.   213. 


xxxiv  SHRUBS 

213.  Most  leaves  entire.  p.  147.  Symphoricarpos. 
Most  leaves  regularly  low-toothed.  p.  144.  Abelia. 

214.  Soft-wooded  and  tender.  215. 
Fully  lignified  and  hardier.  219. 

215.  Leaves  glossy.  216. 
Leaves  rather  dull.  217. 

216.  Flowers  minute,  in  heads:  leaves  fleshy.  p.  147.  Iva. 
Flowers  small,  clustered.                            p.  128.  Fontanesia. 
Flowers  large,  hanging  from  the  axils.        p.  109.  Fuchsia. 

217.  Twigs  very  slender,  puberulent.  p.  135.  Caryopteris. 
Twigs  stouter.  218. 

218.  Twigs  2-lined.  p.  146.  Diervilla. 
Twigs  4-sided  or  winged.  p.  133.  Buddleia. 

219.  With  few  coarse  branches.  p.  48.  Hydrangea. 
Bushy  or  with  slender  branches.  220. 

220.  Leaves  very  rugose:  leaf-scars  ciliate.      p.  62.  Rhodotypos. 
Leaves  neither  very  rugose  nor  leaf-scars  ciliate.  221. 

221.  Bundle-traces  3  or  more.  222. 
Bundle-trace  one.  225. 

222.  With  simple  appress^d  hairs.  p.  48.  Hydrangea. 
With  star-shaped  hairs.  p.  47.  Deutzia. 
Without  such  hairs.  223. 

223.  Leaves  woolly  beneath:  bark  exfoliating.      p.  49.  Jamesia. 
Leaves  not  woolly,  but  sometimes  scurfy.  224. 

224.  Twigs  slightly  2-  or  4-lined.  p.  146.  Diervilla. 
Twigs  without  raised  lines.                        p.  142.  Viburnum. 

225.  Buds  superposed:  fruit  drupe-like.  p.  130.  Forestiera. 
Buds  not  superposed:  fruit  lobed.  p.  87.  Evonymus. 

Lobed. 

226.  With  nectar-glands  on  the  petiole.  p.  142.  Viburnum. 
Without  such  nectar-glands.  227. 

227.  Leaves  very  large,  cordate.  p.  137.  Paulownia. 
Leaves  not  very  large.  228. 

228.  Pith  excavated  or  chambered.  229. 
Pith  continuous.  230. 


SHRUBS  xxxv 

229.  Buds  mostly  solitary.  p.  147.  Symphoricarpos. 
Buds  quickly  clustered.  p.  129.  Porsythia. 

230.  Bundle-traces  three.  231. 

Bundle-traces  5  or  7.  p.  48.  Hydrangea. 

231.  Leaves  pinnately  lobed:   twigs  slender.       p.  130.  Syringa. 
Leaves  palmately  lobed.  232. 

232.  Buds  stalked  or  with  2  valvate  scales.  p.  90.  Acer. 
Buds  sessile  or  with  4  or  more  exposed  scales.  233. 

233.  Exposed  bud-scales  6  or  8.  p.  90.  Acer. 
Exposed  bud-scales  4.  p.  142.  Viburnum. 

Compound. 

234.  Leaves  digitate.  235. 
Leaves  pinnate.  239. 

235.  Aromatic  or  peppery:  leaflets  5-7.  p.  136.  Vitex. 
Not  aromatic.  236. 

236.  Leaflets  three.  237. 
Leaflets  5  or  more.  238. 

237  Tender:  twigs  slender.  p.  132.  Jasminum. 

Hardier:   twigs  stouter.  p.  129.  Forsythia. 

238.  Twigs  rather  slender:  leaf-scars  narrow.  p.  90.  Acer. 
Twigs  stout:  leaf -scars1  broad.                        p.  93.  Aesculus. 

239.  Leaflets  finely  toothed.  240. 

Leaflets  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed.  241. 

240.  Pith  large:   fruit  berry-like.  p.  141.  Sambucus. 
Pith  smaller:  fruit  bladdery.  p.  90.  Staphylea. 

241.  Twigs  mostly  glaucous:  fruit  winged.  p.  90.  Acer. 
Twigs  not  glaucous:  fruit  not  winged.  242. 

242.  Pith  large:  fruit  berry-like.  p.  141.  Sambucus1. 
Pith  smaller:  fruit  a  pod:  seeds  winged,     p.  137.  Campsis. 

Leaves  whorled. 

243.  Twigs  with  2  hairy  lines.  p.  146.  Diervilla. 
Twigs  without  hairy  lines.  244. 

244.  More  or  less  stellate-pubescent.  p.  47.  Deutzia. 
Without  star-shaped  hairs.  245. 


XXXVI 

245.  Leaves  narrow,  willow-like.  p.  139.  Chilopsis 
Leaves  not  willow-like.  246. 

246.  Buds  covered  by  a  membrane.  p.  46.  Philadelphus. 
Buds  not  covered  by  a  membrane.  247. 

247.  Buds  small  and  sunken,  or  flowers  in  heads.  248. 
Buds  evident.  249. 

248.  Leaves  succulent:  heads  green.  p.  147.  Iva. 
Leaves  not  fleshy:  flowers  white.          p.  140.  Cephalanthus. 

249.  Leaves  with  twinned  hairs  beneath.  p.  109.  Cornus. 
Leaves  without  twinned  hairs.  250. 

250.  Bundle-traces  3  or  5.  .  p.  48.  Hydrangea. 
Bundle-traces  9.                                        p.  135.  Clerodendron 


»    UNWCBSHBUBS  xxxvii 


C.  UNDERSHRUBS  OR  BOG  OR  ROCKERY  PLANTS. 

1.  Forming  cushions  or  mats:  essentially  evergreen.   2. 
Not  growing  in  dense  mats.   15. 

Matted  Plants. 

2.  Leaves  simple.  3. 

Leaves  digitately  compound,  of  3  leaflets.   14. 

3.  Leaves  brown-scurfy,  elliptical,     p.  115.  Rhododendron. 
Leaves  not  scurfy.   4. 

4.  Leaves  white-hairy  beneath,  crenate.  p.  64.  Dryas. 
Leaves  not  woolly,  entire.  5. 

5.  Leaves  crowded  close  to  the  ground.   6. 
Leaves  on  more  or  less  elongated  stems.   7. 

6.  Leaves  fleshy.  p.  45.  Sedum. 
Leaves  not  fleshy.  p.  35.   Silene. 

7.  Leaves  widened  upwards.  p.  124.  Diapensia. 
Leaves  not  widened  upwards.    8. 

8.  Leaves  revolute.  p.  83.  Empetrum. 
Leaves  not  revolute.    9. 

9.  Leaves  veinless,  crowded.   10. 
Leaves  veined.   12. 

10.  Leaves  needle-shaped:  plants  moss-like,  p.  117.  Cassiope. 
Leaves  short  and  fleshy.  p.  45.  Sedum. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  not  succulent.    11. 

11.  Leaves  oblong.  p.  117.  Phyllodoce. 
Leaves  lanceolate.  p.  134.  Phlox. 

12.  Leaves  elliptical  or  obovate.  p.   123.  Vaccinium. 
Leaves  rather  lanceolate  ,  not  dotted.   13. 

13.  Stems  nearly  herbaceous.  p.  134.  Phlox. 
Stems  woody.                                         p.  124  Pyxidanthera. 

14.  Stipules  small.  p.  64.  Potentilla. 
Stipules  elongated  along  the  leaf-stalk,   p.  63.  Sibbaldia. 

15.  Loosely  low-bushy:   leaves  simple.   16. 
Neither  matted  nor  bushy.   37. 

16.  Evergreen.    17. 
Deciduous.   33. 


xxxviii  UNDER  SHRUBS 

Low  Bushy  Plants. 
Evergreen  Undershrubs. 

17.  Leaves  distinctly  alternate.    18. 

Leaves  partly  or  wholly  opposite,  or  overlapping.   26. 
Leaves,  or  many  of  them,  evidently  whorled.    32. 

18.  Leaves  scurfy  beneath.  p.  119.  Chamaedaphne. 
Leaves  not  scurfy.   19. 

19.  Leaves  very  narrow  or  small  (scarcely  10  mm.  long).  20. 
Leaves  larger.   21. 

20.  Leaves  not  grooved:  fruit  dry.  p.  117.  Phyllodoce. 
Leaves  grooved  above  and  beneath.         p. 83.  Empelrum. 
Leaves  narrowly  grooved  beneath.  p.  83.  Corema. 

21.  Leaves  strongly  or  closely  revolute.    22. 
Leaves  only  slightly  or  openly  revolute.    23. 

22.  Leaves  brown-woolly  beneath.  p.  115.  Ledum. 
Leaves  often  whitened.                            p.  118.  Andromeda. 
Leaves  neither  woolly  nor  whitened.         p.  120.  Epigaea. 

23.  Leaves  essentially  entire.   24. 
Leaves  distinctly  serrulate.   25. 

24.  Leaves  not  broadened  upwards.  p. 117.  Kalmia. 
Leaves  broadened  upwards.             p.  123.  Arctostaphylos. 

25.  Leaves  dotted  beneath.  p.  123.  Vaccinium. 
Leaves  not  dotted.                                   p.  122.  Gaylussacia. 

26.  Small-leaved  and  moss-like.  p.  117.  Cassiope. 
Not  moss-like.   27. 

27.  Leaves  very  small,  overlapping:   heath-like.  28. 
Leaves  larger,  not  overlapping.   29. 

28.  Gray-pubescent.  p. 105.  Hudsonia. 
Leaves  not  canescent,  minutely  auricled.        p.  121.  Calluna. 

29.  Leaves  essentially  entire.    30. 

Leaves  distinctly  toothed,  flat.  p.  89.  Pachistima. 

30.  Leaves  black-dotted  beneath.  p.  116.  Leiophyllum. 
Leaves  not  dotted.  p.  117.  Loiseleuria. 

31.  Leaves  rather  broad.  p.  117.  Kalmia. 
Leaves  narrow  and  small.   32. 

32.  Leaf-whorls  densely  crowded.  p.  121.  Erica. 
Leaf-whorls  separated.  p.  83.  Corema. 


UtfDEBSHBUBS  XXXiX 

Deciduous  Undershrubs. 

33.  Leaves  opposite,  with  pellucid  dots.       p.  105.  Ascyrum. 
Leaves  alternate.   34. 

34.  Leaves  conspicuously  resinous.          p.  122.  Gaylussacia. 
Leaves  scurfy.  p.  119.  Chamaedaphne. 
Leaves  neither  resin-dotted  nor  scurfy.   35. 

35.  Leaves  very  sparingly  scurfy  beneath,   p.  116.  Menziesia. 
Leaves  not  at  all  scurfy.    36. 

36.  Leaves  hairy  and  resinous.  p.  115.  Rhododendron. 
Not  resinous  or  woolly,  when  mature.      p.  123.  Vaccinium 

37.  With  trailing  leafy  stems.   38. 

Forming  single  few-leaved  stems  or  tufts.    56. 
Trailing  Plants. 

38.  Evergreen.   39. 
Deciduous.  53. 

39.  Prickly:    leaves  compound.   40. 
Unarmed:  leaves  simple.   41. 

Evergreen  Trailers — Armed. 

40.  Leaves  digitate:  petiole  breaking  above  base.    p.  64.  Rubus. 
Leaves  pinnate:  leaf-scar  on  the  stem.  p.  66.  Rosa. 

Evergreen  Trailers — Unarmed. 

41.  Leaves  alternate.    42. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  not  minute.   48. 
Leaves  4-  or  6-ranked,  minute.   52. 

42.  Aromatic,  wintergreen-flavored.  p.  121.  Gaultheria. 
Acrid:  leaves  fleshy,  scale-like.  p.  45.  Sedum. 
Neither  aromatic  nor  succulent.  43. 

43.  Leaves  characteristically  lobed.  p.  112.  Hedera. 
Leaves  not  lobed.    44. 

44.  Leaves  revolute.   45. 
Leaves  not  revolute.   46. 

45.  Leaves  short-elliptical,  rough.  p.  122.  Chiogenes. 
Leaves  elongated  and  narrow.  p.  106.  Daphne. 

46.  Leaves  white  beneath.  p.  123.  Vaccinium. 
Leaves  green  beneath.   47. 

47.  Leaves  numerous,  small.  p.  59.  Cotoneaster. 
Leaves  larger,  cordate.  p.  120.  Epigaea. 


xl  UNDERSHRUBS 

48.  Leaves  entire.   49. 
Leaves  crenate.   51. 

49.  Leaves  small  (scarcely  20  mm.  long). 

Round-ovate.  p.  140.  Mitchella. 

Oblanceolate.  p.  124.  Pyxidanthera. 

Leaves  larger,  lanceolate  or  elongated-ovate.   50. 

50.  Glabrate:  leaves  dark  green.  p.  134.  Vinca. 
Pubescent:  leaves  often  pale-veiny.         p.  144.  Lonicera. 

51.  Leaves  round-oval,  small.  p.  144.  Linnaea. 
Leaves  elliptical  to  obovate.                      p.  87.  Evonymus. 

52.  Very  slender  and  delicate.  p.  3.  Selaginella. 
Stouter:   leaves  relatively  narrow.          p.  3.  Lycopodium. 

Deciduous  Trailers. 

53.  Armed:  leaves  compound.  p.  64.  Rubus. 
CAUTION.    Unarmed.  54. 

54.  Leaves  opposite.    55. 

POISONOUS.  Leaves  alternate.  p.   84.   Rhus. 

55.  Leaves  entire.  p.  144.  Lonicera. 
Leaves  toothed.                                            p.  87.  Evonymus. 

Simple  Shoots  or  Leafy  Tufts. 

56.  POISONOUS.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets.  p.  84.  Rhus. 
Leaves  simple.  57. 

57.  Aromatic  or  bitter.  58. 
Not  aromatic.  59. 

58.  Leaves  sublanceolate,  bitter.  p.  113.  Chimaphila. 
Leaves  elliptical,  wintergreen-flavored.     p.  121.  Gaultheria. 

59.  Leaves  veinless,  very  narrow.  p.  3.  Lycopodium. 
Leaves  veiny,  broader.  60. 

60.  Leaves  cordate,  bronzing  in  winter.  p.   124.  Galax. 
Leaves  not  heart-shaped,  or  if  so,  not  bronzing.  61. 

61.  Leaves  serrate.  p.  114.  Moneses. 
Leaves  often  coarsely  dentate,  large,  p.  82.  Pachysandra. 
Leaves  crenate  to  nearly  entire.    62. 

62.  Leaves  partly  or  wholly  from  the  ground,  p.  114.  Pyrola. 
Leaves  at  end  of  a  short  stem.  p.  109.   Cornus. 


CLIMBERS  xli 


D.  SCRAMBLING  OR  CLIMBING  WOODY  PLANTS. 

1.  Evergreen.   2. 
Deciduous.   9. 

2.  With  prickles.   3. 
Unarmed.   4. 

Evergreen  Climbers1. 

3.  Scrambling:   leaves  pinnate.  p.  66.  Rosa. 
With  tendrils  on  the  petiole:  leaves  simple,     p.  15.  Smilax. 

4.  Leaves  alternate.  5. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  not  lobed.    6. 

5.  Leaves  simple.  p.  112.  Hedera. 
Leaves  digitate.                                           p.  38.  Stauntonia. 

6.  Climbing  by  roots:  leaves  small.  p.  87.  Evonymus. 
Climbing  by  leaf-tendrils.  p.  137.  Bignonia. 
Twining.   7. 

7(.  Leaves  sessile,  the  upper  united  in  pairs,     p.144.  Lonicera. 
Leaves  stalked,  sometimes  whorled.   8. 

8.  Leaves  lanceolate.  p.  133.  Gelsemium. 
Leaves  round-elliptic.  Trachelospermum. 

9.  With  spines  or  prickles:  scrambling.   10. 
Unarmed.    12. 

Deciduous  Climbers. 

10.  With  detachable  prickles:  leaves  compound.    11. 

With  pungent  branch  spurs.  p.   136.  Lycium. 

11.  Leaves  digitate,  breaking  away  above  base.  p.  64.  Rubus. 
Leaves  pinnate,  leaving  low  leaf -scars.          p.  66.  Rosa. 

12.  Leaves  alternate.   13. 
Leaves  opposite.   30. 

Leaves  alternate. 

13.  Leaves  simple.   14. 

CAUTION. — Leaves  compound.  25. 


xlii  CLIMBERS 

14.  Twining:   without  tendrils.   15. 

With  tendrils:  leaves  palmately  nerved.   22. 
Simple. 

15.  Leaves  neither  toothed,  angled,  nor  lobed.    16. 
Leaves  crenate  or  finely  toothed.   17. 

Leaves  often  angular-lobed.  p.  41.  Menispermum. 

Leaves,  or  many  of  them,  deeply  or  hastately  lobed.   20. 

16.  Leaves  very  large,  cordate.  p.  35.  Aristolochia. 
Leaves  moderate:  stem  slender.  p.  40.  Cocculus. 

17.  Pith  excavated  or  chambered.  p.  103.  Actinidia. 
Pith  continuous.   18. 

18.  Fruit  opening:  seeds  with  red  aril.         p.  87.  Celastrus. 
-Fruit  indehiscent.   19. 

19.  Leaves  large  (8-12  cm.  long).  p.  103.  Actinidia. 
Leaves  smaller  (scarcely  6  cm.).             p.  9.6.  Berchemia. 

20.  Lower  lobes  nearly  separated.  p.  137.  .SoLanum. 
Lower  lobes  not  severed  from  the  rest.   21^  .          ....... 

21.  Leaves  thin,  with  deep  sinuses.  .      p,  40.  Calyeocarpum. 
Leaves  firm,  hastate  or  unlobed..  p.  40. -Cocculus. 

22.  Tendrils  few,  without  suckers:  fruit  cluster  forked..  23. 
Tendrils  abundant,   24. 

23.  Leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate.  p.  99.  Ampelopsis. 
Leaves  rather  fleshy.  p.  100.  Cissus. 

24.  Fruit  in  open  forked  clusters.        p.  99.  Parthenocissus. 
Fruit  in  pyramidal  clusters.  p.  lOO.Vitis. 

Compound. 

25.  POISONOUS.   With  aerial  roots  but  no  tendrils, 

or  scrambling.  (Toxicodendron) .  p.  84.  Rhus. 

With  tendrils,  and  sometimes  also  aerial  roots.   26. 
Twining.   28, 

26.  Leaves  once  compound.  27. 

Leaves  bipinnate.  p.  99.  Ampelopsis. 

27.  Leaves  thin,  often  subcordate.         p.  99.  Parthenocissus. 
Leaves  fleshy,  rather  cuneate.  p.  100.  Cissus. 

28.  Leaflets  3  or  5,  digitate  or  nearly  so.   29. 

Leaflets  more  than  5,  clearly  pinnate.  p.  74.  Wisteria. 


CLIMBERS 


xliii 


29.  Leaflets  5,  elongated. 
Leaflets  3,  large  and  broad. 

Leaves  opposite. 

30.  Leaves  simple.   31. 
Leaves  compound.    34. 

Simple. 

31.  Scrambling:  pith  chambered. 
Climbing  by  the  leaf-stalks. 
Climbing  by  aerial  roots.   32. 
Twining.    33. 

32.  Leaves  nearly  entire. 
Leaves  distinctly  serrate. 
Leaves  distinctly  dentate. 

33.  Sap  not  milky:  pith  excavated. 
Sap  milky:  pith  continuous. 

Compound. 

34.  Twining  or  scrambling.    35. 
With  tendrils  or  climbing  roots. 

35.  Twigs  4-lined:  scrambling. 
Twigs  rounded,  twining. 

36.  Climbing  by  aerial  roots. 
Climbing  by  tendrils.   37. 

37.  Tendrils  ending  the  leaves. 

The  leafstalks  prehensile  and  coiling. 


p.  38.  Akebia. 
p.  77.   Pueraria. 


129.  Forsythia. 
p.  36.  Clematis. 


p.  48.  Decumaria. 
p.  48.  Hydrangea, 
p.  48.  Schizophragma. 
p.  144.  Lonicera. 
p.  134.  Periploca. 


36. 


p.  129.  Forsythia. 

p.  132.  Jasminum. 

p.  137.  Campsis. 

p.  137.  Bignonia. 
p.  36.  Clematis. 


SYSTEMATIC    ARRANGEMENT    OP    THE    PLANT    MATE- 
RIALS WITH  KEYS  TO  SPECIES  UNDER 
EACH  GENUS 


LYCOPODIACEAE 


Division  PTERIDOPHYTA.     Fernworts. 

Family  LYCOPODIACEAE.    Clubmoss  Family. 
A  small  family  of  small  herbaceous  plants  of  little  use. 
Wild  species  are  gathered    for  Christmas   decorations;  a  few 
are  grown  in  plant  houses;  and  the  following  are  sometimes 
used  for  ground-covers!  in  shady  places. 

LYCOPODIUM.     Club  Moss.     Ground  Pine. 
Low  often  creeping  evergreen  flowerless  herbs  with  over- 
lapping 1-nerved  small  leaves,  and  microscopic  spores  of  one 
sort  in  small  axillary  or  spiked  sporangia. 

1.  Leaves1  4-ranked  on  fan-like  branches.  L.  complanatum. 
Leaves  alternate,  not  on  fan-like  branches.  2. 

2.  Spore-cases  not  in  spikes.  L.  lucidulum. 
Spore-cases  in  terminal  spikes.  3. 

3.  Spikes  nearly  sessile:  plants  tree-shaped.  L.  obscurum. 
Spikes  long-stalked,  usually  paired.  L.  clavatum. 

Family  SELAGINELLACEAE. 

A  small  family,  mainly  of  the  tropics,  of  similar  use  to  the 
Lycopodiaceae. 

SELAGINELLA. 

^Small  evergreen  flowerless  herbs  with  small  4-  or  6-ranked 
1-nerved  leaves  and  small  SDores  of  two  kin^.s   (rneea^s^ores 
visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and  much   smaller  microspores)    in 
small  axillary  or  spiked  sporangia. 
Upper  and  lower  leaves  smaller  than  the  lateral.  S.  apus. 


4  GlNKGOACEAE 

Division  SPERMATOPHYTA.     Flowering  Plants. 
Subdivision   GYMNOSPERMAE.     Naked-Seed   Plants. 

Family  GlNKGOACEAE.    Ginkgo  Family. 
A  very  ancient,  tree  family,  consisting  of  only  the  following 
genus  of  a  single  species,  scarcely  known  except  as  cultivated. 

GINKGO.     Maidenhair  Tree. 

Rather  large  conical  or  irregularly  branched  deciduous  tree 
with  pale  soft  ductless  wood  without  resin-passages,  with  very 
line  medullary  rays;  moderately  stout  often  zig-zag  rounded 
twigs1;  small  angular  spongy  or  fissured  pith;  alternate  low 
small  half-round  leaf-scars  with  2  bundle-traces;  no  stipule- 
scars;  round-ovoid  rather  small  solitary  g'essile  buds  often 
developing  the  first  year;  rather  large  fan-shaped  simple  long- 
stalked  leaves,  many-veined  from  the  base,  mostly  clustered  on 
short  spurs;  dioecious  inconspicuous  naked  flowers,  the  stanii- 
nate  in  catkins;  and  rather  large  yellowish  ill-scented  drupe- 
like  fruits. 

1.  Leaves  green.     2. 

Leaves  variegated.  G.  biloba  variegata. 

2.  Weeping.  G.  biloba  pendula. 
Not  weeping.     3. 

3.  Leaves  short-lobed.  G.  biloba. 
Leaves  deeply  cut.  G.  biloba  laciniata. 

Family  TAXACEAE.     Yew  Family. 

A  small  family  of  trees  and  shrubs,  of  no  great  use  except 
as  cultivated  for  evergreen  specimens  or  masses:  the  wood  of 
classic  use  in  archery. 

TAXUS.     Yew. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees  with  rather  hard  reddish  duct- 
less wood  without  resin-passages,  with  spirally  marked  tra- 
cheides;  terete  rather  slender  twigs;  alternate  minute  low 
crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule- 
scars;  narrowly  lanceolate  often  falcate  small  entire  pointed 


PlNACEAE  5 

leaves;  rounded  buds  with  numerous  scales;  monoecious  cone- 
like  naked  flowers/;  and  solitary  bony  seeds  each  in  a  fleshy 
cup-like  red  or  orange  aril. 

1.  Leaves  abruptly  contracted  to  the  sharp  tip.     2. 
Leaves  rather  gradually  acute.     3. 

2.  Tree  or  tall  shrub.   (Japanese  yew).  T.  cuspidata. 
Low  compact  shrub.                                      T.  cuspidata  nana. 

3.  Leaves  normally  dark  green.     4. 

Leaves  rather  yellowish  green:  very  low  shrub.  T.  canadensis. 

4.  Trees.    5. 

Low  and  trailing.  T.  baccata  procumbent 

5.  Round-topped.     6. 
Pyramidal.     8. 

6.  Leaves  green.     7. 

Leaves  yellow.  T.  baccata  aurea. 

Leaves  whitish-striped.  T.  baccata  argentea. 

7.  Fruit  red.     (European  yew).  T.  baccata. 
Fruit  yellow.                                            T.  baccata  fructu-luteo. 

8.  Leaves  green.  T.  baccata  fastigiata. 
Leaves  yellow.  '                         T.  baccata  fastigiata  variegata. 

TORBEYA.     California  Nutmeg. 

Evergreen  trees  with  yellowish  ductless  soft  wood  without 
resin-passages ;  rather  slender  twigs ;  alternate  somewhat  raised 
transversely  elliptical  small  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle- 
trace;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  buds  with  several  keeled  scales; 
linear  mucronate  flat  leaves,  white-lined  beneath;  monoecious 
catkin-  or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  rather  large  drupe-like 
fruits. 

1.  Leaves  (25-30  mm.)  and  bud-s'cales  long.  T.  calif ornica. 
Leaves  (scarcely  25  mm.)  and  bud-scales  short.    2. 

2.  Buds  light  brown:  pale  lines  of  leaves  broad.      T.  taxifolia. 
Buds  red-brown:  pale  lines  of  leaves  narrow.      T.  nucifera. 

Family  PlNACEAE.     Conifer  Family. 
An    ancient   family    of   relatively    few    chieflv    evergreen 
genera  and  species,  but  these  widespread  and  often  very  nu- 


6  PlNACEAE 

merous  in  individuals  forming  conifer  forests  of  large  extent 
and  furnishing  the  principal  "soft  woods"  of  temperate  regions. 
Largely  employed  for  windbreaks  and  evergreen  effects;  char- 
acteristically trees,  but  likely  to  occur  in  shrubby  form. 

PICEA.     Spruce. 

Conical  evergreen  trees  with  rather  soft  yellowish-white 
ductless  wood  with  scattered  resin-passages  (exceptionally 
brown  and  with  transversely  clustered  passages) ;  moderate 
fluted  often  hairy  twigs;  small  homogeneous  pith;  5-ranked 
usually  4-sided  needle-like  leaves  on  raised  bases  bearing  the 
angled  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars; 
ovoid  scaly  more  or  less  resinous  budg;  monoecious  catkin-like 
or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  pendent  cones  with  persistent 
thin  scales  each  covering  2  winged  seeds. 

1.  Leaves  small,  green,  blunt.  P.  orientalis. 
Leaves  mostly  longer   (20-25  mm.),  acute.     2. 

2.  Leaves  green.     3. 

Leaves  pale  or  whitened.    4. 

3.  Not  weeping.     (European  spruce).  P.  excelsa. 
Weeping.                                                          P.  excelsa  pendula. 

4.  Leaves  merely  pale.     5. 

Leaves  very  glaucous.     (Blue  spruce).  P.  pungens. 

5.  Odor  balsamic:  cones  large  (10-18  cm.).  P.  excelsa. 
Odor  fetid:  cones  small  (scarcely  5  cm.).          P.  canadensis. 

TSUGA..     Hemlock  Spruce. 

Evergreen  percurrent  trees  with  ductless  brownish  wood 
without  resin-passages;  slender  fluted  twigs;  small  continuous 
pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  minute  half-round  leaf -scars 
with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  round  or  ovoid 
with  several  exposed  scales;  very  small  oblong  or  lanceolate 
sometimes  serrulate  short-petioled  flat  leaves  whitened  be- 
neath; monoecious  catkin-  or  cone-like  naked  flowers1;  and 
small  ovoid  cones,  each  thin  scale  covering  2  winged  seeds. 
1.  Trees.  2. 

Prostrate  shrub.  T.  canadensis  nana. 


PlNACEAE  7 

2.  Not  weeping.     3. 

Weeping.  T.  canadensis  pendula. 

3.  Conical  or  oblong.    4. 

Round-topped.  T.  canadensis  globosa. 

4.  Green.  T.  canadensis. 
Whitish  on  the  young  growth.            T.  candensis  albo-spica. 

PSEUDOTSTJGA.     Douglas  Fir. 

Percurrent  evergreen,  often  of  very  large  size,  with  rather 
soft  often  reddish  ductless  wood  with  transversely  clustered 
resin  passages;  moderate  fluted  glabrate  twigs;  .small  homo- 
geneous pith;  5-ranked  round  slightly  raised  leaf-scars  with  a 
single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  scaly  dry  buds; 
flat  linear  entire  leaves,  white-lined  beneath;  monoecious  cat- 
kin-like or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  moderate-sized  spread- 
ing cones  with  persistent  thin  scales,  each  covering  2  winged 
seeds. 

Cones  with  long-protruding  bract-points.  P.  mucronata. 

ABIES.    Fir. 

Percurrent  spire-like  evergreen  trees  with  flaking  bark  in 
age,  sometimes  resinous-blistered;  pale  soft  ductless  wood  ex- 
ceptionally with  a  few  resin  passages;  slender  terete  twigs; 
small  pale  homogeneous  pith;  elliptical  unraised  leaf-scars 
with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  scaly  resi- 
nous1 buds  largely  clustered  near  the  end;  small  alternate 
oblong  mostly  blunt  or  notched  flat  entire  leaves  white  and 
stomatiferous  beneath,  with  2  resin-passages;  monoecious 
catkin-like  or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  erect  cones  with  2 
winged  seeds  under  each  of  the  deciduous  scales. 

1.  Leaves  flat  or  grooved,  green  above,  whitened  beneath.     2. 
Leaves  blue  or  glaucous,  often  4-sided.     6. 

2.  Leaves  mostly  blunt  or  notched.     3. 

Leaves  typically  pointed:  twigs  pubescent.          A.  Veitchii. 

3.  Cones  green  or  purple.    4. 
Cones  orange-brown.     5. 

4.  Cones  10  cm.:  bracts  shorter  than  scales.          A.  balsamea. 
Cones  nearly  15  cm.  long:  bracts  longer  than  scales.  A.  Picea. 


8  Pl\ ACE AE 

5.  Bracts  longer  than  scales.  A.  Nordmanniana. 
Bracts  shorter  than  scales.  A.  cilicica. 

6.  Bracts  longer  than  scales,  recurved.  A.  nobilis. 
Bracts  shorter  than  scales.  A.  concolor. 

LARIX.     Larch.     Tamarack. 

Percurrent  deciduous  trees  with  reddish  or  brown  soft 
wood  with  few  resin  passages;  slender  deeply  fluted  twigs; 
small  pale  homogeneous  pith;  small  alternate  raised  crescent- 
shaped  or  transverse  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule- 
scars;  solitary  sessile  round  buds  with  a  number  of  exposed 
scales;  flat  entire  narrow  green  leaves  clustered  on  short 
spurs;  monoecious  catkin-  or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and 
round-ovoid  drooping  cones  with  persistent  thin  scales  each 
covering  2  winged  seeds. 

1.  Cones  15-40  mm.  long:   scales  usually  downy.     2. 

Cones  10-15  mm.  long:   scales  glabrous*.  L.  laricina. 

2.  Branches  rather  spreading.   (European  larch).     L.  decidua. 
Branches  distinctly  drooping.  L.  decidua  pendula. 

CEDBUS.     Cedar. 

Evergreen  openly  branched  trees  with  yellowish  soft  duct- 
less1 wood  without  resin-passages;  fluted  rather  slender  twigs; 
small  continuous  pith;  alternate  raised  4-sided  small  leaf-scars 
with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars';  round  or  ovoid 
scaly  not  resinous  buds;  4-angled  needle-like  leaves  often 
crowded  on  short  spurs;  monoecious  catkin-  or  cone-like  naked 
flowers;  and  cones  with  thin  scales  each  covering  2  winged 
seeds. 

1.  Branches  not  drooping:  cones  flat  or  hollowed  at  tip.    2. 
Branches  drooping:  cones  rounded  at  tip.    6. 

2.  Broad  and  flat-topped.     3. 
Conical  or  oblong.    5. 

3.  Trees.    4. 

Shrubby.  O.  Libani  nana. 


PlXAOKA.E  9 

4.  Leaves  green.     (Cedar  of  Lebanon.)  C.  Libani. 
Leaves  glaucous.  C.  Libani  glauca. 

5.  Conical.     (Hardy  cedar.)  C.  atlantica. 
Narrowly  oblong.  C.  atlantica  fastigiata. 

6.  Of  erect  growth.     7. 

Very  spreading  or  prostrate.  C.  Deodara  pendula. 

7.  Narrowly  oblong.  C.  Deodara  fastigiata. 
Rather  conical.     8. 

8.  Leaves  green.  O.  Deodara  viridis. 
'Leaves  bluish  or  glaucous.     9. 

Leaves  yellow.  C.  Deodara  aurea. 

9.  Leaves  not  whorled.     10. 

Leaves  whorled  below.  C.  Deodara  verticillata. 

10.  Leaves  merely  blue-green.    (Deodar  cedar).          C.  Deodara. 

11.  Glaucous  throughout.  C.  Deodara  argentea. 
Beconling  white  at  the  tips.                 C.  Deodara  albo-spica. 

PINUS.    Pine. 

Conical  or  openly  branched  evergreen  trees  with  soft  and 
white  or  hard  and  yellow  ductless  abundantly  resinous  wood; 
moderate  roundish  twigs;  small  homogeneous  pith;  5-ranked 
spurs  crowned  by  tufts  of  usually  2,  3  or  5  elongated  needle- 
like  "leaves"  or  phylloid  shoots;  round  spur-scars;  narrowly 
crescent-shaped  scale-scars ;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sessile 
buds  with  sometimes  resinous  scales;  monoecious  naked  cal- 
kin-like or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  cones  with  2  usually 
thin-winged  seeds  above  each  of  the  mostly  thickened  scales. 

1.  Needles  2  in  a  cluster.    2. 

Needles  prevailingly  3  in  a  cluster.    15. 
Needles  5  in  a  cluster.    16. 

2.  Branches  orange  or  red  or  leaves'  whitened.     3. 
Branches  grayish  or  black.     9. 

3.  Needles  short  (4-8  cm.),  bluish:  bark  usually  orange.     4. 
Needles  long   (10-15  cm.),  green.     14. 

4.  Shrubs.     5. 
Trees.    6. 


10 


PlNACEAE 


5. 


10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
1». 

20. 


Conical. 

Rounded. 

Conial. 

Rather  weeping. 

Neither  conical  nor  weeping.     7. 

Needles  very  glaucous. 

Needles  only  slightly  glaucous.     8. 

Needles  blue-green.     (Scotch  pine). 

Needles  yellow  when  young. 

Needles  rather  short  (under  8  cm.) 

Needles  rather  long  (over  9  cm.),  dull. 

Twigs  glaucous.     (Scrub  pine). 

Twigs  not  glaucous.     11. 

Tree. 

Round  shrub. 

Trees.     13. 


P.  sylvestris  columnaris. 
P.  sylvestris  pumila. 
P.  sylvestris  fastigiata. 
P.  sylvestris  pendula. 

P.  sylvestris  argentea. 

P.  sylvestris. 
P.  sylvestris  aurea. 
10. 

(Black  pine).     12. 
P.  viginiana. 

P.  montana. 
P.  montana  Mughus. 


Shrub. 
Pyramidal. 
Round-topped. 
Bark  orange. 


(Austrian  pine). 


P.  nigra  pygmaea. 
P.  nigra. 

P.  nigra  austriaca. 
P.  nigra  cebennen&is. 


Bark  rather  red:  needles  glossy.  (Red  pine).      P.  resinosa. 

Needles  moderately  long  (under  15  cm.) .  (Pitch  p.) .  P.  rigida. 

Needles  very  long  (over  15  cm.).  (Loblolly  pine).  P.  Taeda. 

Twigs  glabrate.     17. 

Twigs  tomentose.     (Stone  pine).  P.  Cembra. 

Trees.     18. 

Dwarfed.     19. 

With  spreading  branches. 

With  ascending  branches. 

Needles  very  glaucous. 


(White  pine).  P.  Strobus. 

P.  Strobus  fastigiata. 

P.  Strobus  alba. 


Not  very  glaucous. 
Bush-like. 
Umbrella-shaped. 
Prostrate. 


20. 


P.  Strobus  brevifolia. 

P.  Strobus  umbraculifera. 

P.  Strobus  prostrata. 


SCIADOPITYS.     Umbrella  Pine. 
Evergreen  percurrent  trees  with  ductless  soft  white  wood 


PlNACEAE  11 

without  resin  passages;  moderate  fluted  buff  twigs  swollen  at 
intervals;  continuous  pith;  no  stipule  scars;  alternate  per- 
sistent ciliate  scales  whorled  at  the  swollen  nodes  and  each 
then  with  a  long  linear  phylloid  shoot  in  its  axil;  monoecious 
catkin-  or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  cones  with  several- 
seeded  scales. 
"Leaves"  green,  grooved,  revolute.  S.  verticillata. 

SEQUOIA. 

Evergreen  percurrent  trees    branching    from  pits    in  the 
thick  bark,  with  ductless  soft  red  wood  without  resin  passages ; 
alternate  crowded  decurrent  scale-like  but  hard  or  flat  entire 
small  leaves;  no  stipule-scars;  monoecious  catkin-  or  cone-like 
naked   flowers;    and    moderately    small  ellipsoid    cones    with 
thick-tipped  scales,  each  covering  several  steeds. 
Buds  naked:  leaves  scale-like,  green.  (Big  Tree).     S.  gigantea. 
Buds  scaly:  some  leaves  flat  and  spreading,  these  white- 
lined  beneath.     (Redwood).  S.  sempervirens. 

CRYPTOMEEIA. 

Evergreen  trees  with  reddish  soft  ductless  wood  without 
resin-passages;  angular  twigs;  small  pointed  4-angled  entire 
decurrent  alternate  overlapping  persistent  leaves;  no  stipule- 
scars;  monoecious  catkin-  or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and 
small  roundish  cones  with  thickened  scales,  each  covering 
several  winged  seeds. 

1.  Trees.    2. 
Shrubs.    3. 

2.  Leaves  soft,  mostly  straight.  C.  japonica. 
Leaves  stiff,  upcurved.                    C.  japonica  araucarioides. 

3.  Leaves  not  coiled.  C.  japonica  riana. 
Leaves/  coiled.                                              C.  japonica  spiralis. 

TAXODIUM.    Bald  Cypress. 

Deciduous  percurrent  conical  (or  in  the  swamps  broad- 
topped)  trees  with  rather  soft  white  or  brownish  ductless  wood 
without  resin  passages;  slender  twigs  with  very  minute  low 


12  PlNACEAE 

crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace,  and  num- 
erous round  &cars  from  which  foliar  shoots  have  fallen;  very 
small  alternate  lanceolate  entire  leaves  mostly  on  deciduous 
foliar  shoots  and  so  simulating  pinnately  compound  leaves;  no 
stipule-scar&;  round-ovoid  buds  with  numerous  scales;  monoe- 
cious catkin-like  or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  rather  small 
globose  cones  with  thick  scales  each  covering  2  winged  seeds. 

1.  Leaves  very  short  and  scale-like,  alternately  appressed 

on  the  stem.  (Glyptostrobus).  T.  distichum  imbricatum. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  chiefly  on  flattened  deciduous  sprays.  2. 

2.  Trees.     3. 

Dwarf.  T.  distichum  nanum. 

3.  Branches  spreading.  T.  distichum. 
Branches  ascending.    4. 

Branches  erect.  T.  distichum  fastigiatum. 

4.  Foliage  green.  T.  distichum  pyramidatum. 
Foliage  yellow.  T.  distichum  aureum. 

THUJA.    Arbor  Vitae. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees  with  rather  soft  brownish  duct- 
less wood  without  resin-passages ;  rather  slender  twigs;  4- 
ranked  minute  scale-like  leaves  on  finally  deciduous  fan-like 
foliar-shoots;  no  stipule-scars;  monoecious  catkin-  or  cone-like 
naked  flowers;  and  small  cones  with  1  or  2  winged  seeds  un- 
der each  of  the  rather  thin  scales. 

1.  Leaves  closely  appressed.     2. 

Leaves  spreading.  (Retinospora  forms).    13. 

2.  Foliar-shoots  mostly  horizontal.    3. 
Foliar-shoots  vertical.    (Biota).     9. 

3.  Oblong  or  conical.     4. 
Round-topped.    8. 

4.  Leaves  green.    5. 

Leaves  wholly  or  partly  yellow.  T.  occidentalis  lutea. 

Leaves  tipped  or  variegated  with  white.    7. 

5.  Tall.    (American  arbor  vitae).  T.  occidentalis. 
Dwarf.     6. 


PlNACKAK  13 

6.  Irregular  in  shape.  T.  occidentalis  cristata. 
Compactly  conical.                     T.  occidentalis  conica  densa. 

7.  Leaves  tipped  with  white.  T.  occidentalis  alba. 
Leaves  variegated  with  white.         T.  occidentalis  argentea. 

8.  Leaves  green.  T.  occidentalis  globosa. 
Leaves;  entirely  yellow  when  young.    T.  occidentalis  aurea. 

9.  Oblong  or  conical.     10. 
Round-topped.     12. 

10.  Leaves  green.     11. 

Leaves  variegated  with  yellow.  T.  orientalis  aureo-variegata. 

11.  Rather  oblong.     (Oriental  arbor  vitae).             T.  orientalis. 
Very  conical.  T.  orientalis  pyramidalis. 

12.  Leaves  green.  T.  orientalis  Sieboldii. 
Leaves  yellow.  T.  orientalis  aurea. 

13.  Leaves  rather  soft.  T.  occidentalis  ericoides. 
Leaves  stiff.  T.  orientalis  decussata. 

THUJOPSIS. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  conical  trees  resembling  Thuja,  but 
with  several  in&tead  of  2  seeds  under  each  scale  of  the  cones. 

1.  Foliage  green.    2. 

Tip  of  foliage-sprays  white.  T.  dolabrata  variegata. 

2.  Tall.  T.  dolabrata. 
Dwarf.                                                               T.  dolabrata  nana. 

CUPRESSUS.     Cypress. 

Evergreen  trees  with  rather  soft  mostly  brownish  wood 
without  resin  passages;  opposite  appressed  scale-like  overlap- 
ping small  persistent  decurrent  leaves  on  rather  fan-like  finally 
deciduous  foliage  sprays;  no  stipule-scars;  monoecious  catkin- 
or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and  .small  round  rather  fleshy- 
scaled  cones  with  numerous  wingless  seeds  under  each  scale. 

1.  Leaves  with  prominent  resin-blisters  on  the  back.    2. 
Leaves  usually  without  evident  glands,  glaucous.  C.arizonica. 

2.  Conical:  cones-  scarcely  25  mm.  in  diameter.  C.  Macnabiana. 
Narrowly  fastigiate:  cones  often  larger.     C.  sempervirens. 


14  PlNACEAE 

CHAMAECYPARIS.    White  Cedar. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees  with  ductless'  pale  or  brownish 
soft  wood  without  resin-passages;  opposite  crowded  very  small 
leaves  spreading  or  in  maturity  closely  appressed  on  rather  in- 
definitely fan-shaped  finally  deciduous  foliage-sprays;  no  stip- 
ule-scars; monoecious  catkin-  or  cone-like  naked  flowers;  and 
small  subglobose  cones  with  2  or  3  wingless  seeds  under  each 
thick-tipped  scale. 

1.  Leaves  closely  appressed.     2. 

Leaves  spreading.     ("Retinispora").     5. 

2.  Leaves  white-lined  beneath,  somewhat  flattened.     3. 
Leaves  without  white  lines.     4. 

3.  Green.  C.  pisifera. 
Yellow.                                                                C.  pisifera  aurea. 

4.  Green.     (White  cedar).  C.  thyoides. 
Glaucous.                                                           C.  thyoides  glauca. 
Partly  yellow.                                             C.  thyoides  variegata. 

5.  Branchlets  long  and  slender.  C.  pisifera  filifera. 
Branchlets  not  elongated.     6. 

6.  Dense  and  heath-like.  C.  thyoides  ericoides. 
Not  heath-like.     7. 

7.  Leaves  short,  little  spreading.     8. 

Leaves  widely  spreading.  C.  pisifera  squarrosa. 

8.  Green,  white  beneath.  C.  pisifera  plumosa. 
White-tipped.  C.  pisifera  plumosa  argentea. 
Yellow,  when  young.  C.  pisifera  plumosa  aurea. 

JUNIPERUS.     Juniper.     Savin.    Red  Cedar. 
Evergreen   shrubs   or   trees   with  brown   or  red   ductless 
wood  without  resin-passages;  slender  twigs  ultimately  falling 
with   their   small    scale-   or   dagger-like   opposite   or   whorled 
leaves, — in  some  species     spreading  on  young    or    abnormal 
growth  and  closely  appressed  on  characteristic  plants;   small 
usually  cone-  or  catkin-like  monoecious    naked  flowers;    and 
small  drupe-  or  berry-like  few-seeded  fruit. 
1.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  three.  (Juniper).     2. 
Leaves  opposite.     3. 


GRAMINEAE  15 

2.  Upright  trees  or  shrubs.  J.  communis-. 
Low  and  spreading.  var.  depressa. 
Prostrate  and  slender-branched.  var.  Jackii. 

3.  Fruits  on  straight  stalks.     4. 
Fruits  on  curved  stalks.     (Savin).  5. 

4.  Fruit  several-seeded.  J.  chinensis. 
Fruit  1-  or  2-seeded.    (Red  cedar).  J.  virginiana. 

5.  Bushy  or  with  ascending  branches.  J.  sabina. 
Prostrate  or  spreading.  J.  horizontalis. 

Subdivision  ANGIOSPERMAE.     Enclosed-Seed  Plants. 
Class  MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.     "Endogens." 

Family  GRAMINEAE.     Grass  Family. 

A  very  large  widespread  and  highly  important  family  of 
rarely  woody  plants,  furnishing  the  principal  grains  and  sugar 
of  the  world;  indispensable  for  the  maintenance  of  lawns,  etc. 
Several  large  species  are  frequently  used  in  massed  planting 
and  some  few  of  these,  not  easily  defined,  with  woody  switch- 
like  stems,  constitute  the  bamboos  of  temperate  borders. 

Family  LILIACEAE.     Lily  Family. 

A  large  family,  chiefly  of  herbs,  comprising  many  of  the 
"Dutch  bulbs,"  "smilax,"  "asparagus  fern"  and  other  green- 
house and  bedding  plants,  onions,  asparagus,  of  the  vegetable 
garden,  and  the  dracaenas,  yuccas,  etc.,  of  warm  regions. 

SMILAX.    Greenbrler. 

Mostly  deciduous  woody  plants  climbing  by  stipular  ten- 
drils, with  "endogenous"  wood  lacking  pith  and  medullary  rays; 
moderately  silender  green  often  striate  or  angled  mostly  prick- 
ly stems;  alternate  raised  ragged  petiole-bases  rather  than 
leaf -scars;  conical  buds  with  a  single  exposed  scale;  ovate  to 
oblong  entire  or  somewhat  prickly-toothed  or  lobed  leaves  with 


16  PALMA.CEAE 

tendrils  on  their  petioles;  small  dioecious  greenish  polypeta- 
lous  flowers  in  stacked  axillary  clusters;  and  small  few-seeded 
dark  berries. 

1.  Leaves  whitened  beneath.     2. 
Leaves  not  whitened  beneath.     3. 

2.  Leaves  ovate.  S.  glauca. 
Leaves  oblong.                                                              S.  laurifolia. 

3.  Leaves  not  lobed.     4. 

Leaves  often  halberd-shaped  or  3-lobed.  S.  Bona-nox. 

4.  Fruit  black.     5. 

Fruit  red.  S.  Waiteri. 

5.  Prickles  stout.  S.  rotundifolia. 
Prickles   needle-like,  black.  S.   hispida. 

YUCCA.     Spanish  Bayonet. 

Evergreen  herbs,  or  sometimes  large  thick-trunked  airl 
much  branched  woody  plants,  with  "endogenous"  wood,  alter- 
nate simple  sword-shaped  leaves  often  pungently  pointed; 
rather  large  usually  white  panicled  cup-shaped  perfect  poly- 
petalous  flowers;  and  rather  large  fleshy  (or  in  other  species 
capsular)  3-celled  fruit  with  numerous  flat  seeds*. 

1.  Leaves  very  rough-edged.  Y.  aloifolia. 
Leaves  at  least  for  a  time  with  marginal  threads.     2. 

2.  Leaves  stiff,  rough,  soon  threadless.  Y.  Treculeana. 
Leaves  flexible,  smooth.     3. 

3.  Leaves  pendulous.  4. 

Leaves  not  pendulous.  Y.  gloriosa. 

4.  Fruit  indehiscent.  Y.  recurvifolia. 
Fruit  capsular.  Y.  flaccida. 

Family  PALMACEAE.    Palm  Family. 

A  large  family  of  woody  evergreen  plants  of  various  habit, 
chiefly  of  tropical  regions  where  they  are  of  the  greatest  eco- 
nomic importance  in  many  respects:  extensively  grown  in 
conservatories  and  for  house  decoration,  and  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  country  sometimes  planted  as  avenue  trees. 


PAL  INI  ACE  AK  17 

PHOEMX.     Date  Palm. 

Evergreen  trees  with  the  trunks  long  covered  by  the  split 
petiole-bases;  large  seemingly  pinnate  gray  alternate  leaves 
with  the  lowest  segments  short  and  spine-like;  large  spathed 
panicles  of  small  dioecious  flowers;  and  berry-like  fruits. 

1.  Trunks  finally  tall  and  slender.  P.  dactylifera. 
Trunks  rather  stfiort,  stout.     2. 

2.  Leaf  stalks  and  spines  yellowish.  P.  canariensis. 
Foliage  blue  green.  P.  sylvestris. 

SABAL.    Palmetto. 

Evergreen  trees  with  rather  slender  trunks';  large  palmate- 
ly  divided  strongly  recurved  alternate  leaves  filiferous  between 
their  segments,  the  long  petioles  sometimes  toothed;  and  mod- 
erate panicles  of  small  perfect  flowers  and  berry  like  fruits. 
Foliage  green.  S.  Palmetto. 

Very  glaucous.  S.  uresana. 

WASHINGTONIA.     Desert  Palm. 

Evergreen  trees  with  rather  stout  tall  trunks  covered 
above  by  the  hanging  dead  leaves;  large  palmately  divided 
flat  leaves  on  long  often  toothed  petioles,  and  rather  small 
panicles*  of  small  flowers  and  small  drupe-like  fruits. 
(Neowashingtonia) . 

Leaves  filiferous  between  the  segments.  W.  filifera. 

Leaves  almost  without  threads.  W.  gracilis. 

Cocos.    Coco  Palm. 

Evergreen  unarmed  trees  with  slender  trunks  often  swol- 
len and  upcurved  at  bas(e;   large  long-stalked  seemingly  pin- 
nate alternate  leaves;  and  moderately  large  panicles  of  small 
monoecious  flowers  and  small  or  large  fruit. 
Fruit  large,  with  fibrous  husk.     (Coconut).  C.  nucifera. 

Fruit  small,  with  edible  pulp.     (Pindo).  C.  australis. 


18  SALIC  ACEAE 

OREODOXA.    Royal  Palms. 

Evergreen  unarmed  trees  with  clean  columnar  trunks; 
large  seemingly  pinnate  alternate  leaves;  and  moderately 
large  panicles  of  small  monoecious  flowers1  and  fruit  from  a 
large  boat-like  leathery  spathe. 

Trunk  commonly  swollen  in  the  middle.  (Royal  palm).  O.regia. 
Trunk  not  swollen.   (Cabbage  palm).  O.  oleracea. 

Class  DICOTYLEDONEAE.     "Exogens." 

Family  SALICACEAE.  Willow  Family. 
A  small  family  of  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  of 
temperate  or  cold  regions,  yielding  the  "osiers"  used  in  basket- 
ry and  some  lumber  of  inferior  quality.  Some  of  the  poplars 
greatly  abused  in  street  planting,  and  infested  by  scale  insects 
that  spread  to  more  valuable  trees  and  shrubs. 

POPULUS.    Poplar.    Aspen. 

Deciduous  trees,  often  very  rough-barked  when  old,  with 
rather  soft  white  or  browning  wood  with  minute  scattered 
ducts  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate  rounded  or  acute- 
ly 5-angled  twigs;  5-angled  continuous  or  spongy  brown  pith; 
somewhat  raised  rather  3-lobed  large  leaf-scars  with  3  large 
bundle-traces;  narrow  stipule-scars;  large  buds,  the  terminal 
angularly  ovoid,  the  lateral  often  falcately  spreading,  with 
sieveral  scales  of  which  the  lowermost  is  in  front,  immediately 
over  the  leaf-scar;  small  dioecious  naked  flowers  in  catkins; 
and  small  ovoid  capsules  with  numerous  cottony  seeds. 

1.  Buds  plump,  or  else  not  resinous  or  gummy.     2. 
Buds  elongated,  more  or  less  balsamiferous.     9. 

2.  Leaves  white-  or  gray-woolly  beneath:  petioles 

little  flattened.    (White  poplars).     3. 
Leaves  not  woolly:  petioles  much  flattened.     (Aspens).     6. 

3.  Leaves  gray  beneath.  ,    P.  canescens. 
Leaves  white  beneath.    4. 

4.  Tree  rounded  or  oblong.     5. 

Tree  pyramidal:   leaves  lobed.  P.  alba  Bolleana. 


SALIC  ACE  AE  19 

5.  Leaves  coarsely  toothed  rather  than  lobed.  P.  alba. 
Leaves  deeply  lobed.                                             P.  alba  nivea. 

6.  Leaves  glabrate,  subserrulate.  P.  tremuloides. 
Leaves  somewhat  pubescent,  coarsely  toothed.     7. 

7.  Buds  gray-pubescent.  P.  grandidentata. 
Buds  glabrate.    8. 

8.  Not  weeping.  P.  Tremula. 
With  hanging  branches.                             P.  Tremula  pendula. 

9.  Leaves  pale  beneath:  petioles  little  flattened:  buds 

mostly  very  balsamiferous.      (Balsams).     10. 
Leaves  green  beneath:  petioles  much  flattened:  buds 
less  balsamiferous.     (Cotton woods).     14. 

10.  Leaves  deeply  heart-shaped,  broad.  ,P.  candicans. 
Leaves  scarcely  heart-shaped.    11. 

11.  Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate.     12. 
Leaves  lanceolate.     13. 

12.  Leaves  flat.  P.  balsamifera. 
Leaves  wavy.  P.  laurifolia. 

13.  Twigs  sharply  angled.  P.  Lindleyana. 
Twigs  not  angled.  P.  fortissima. 

14.  Tree  round-topped.     15. 

Tree  oblong,    (Carolina  poplar).  X   P.  Eugenei. 

Tree  pyramidal.     (Lombardy  poplar).  P.  nigra  italica. 

15.  Leaves  rather  cuneate  and  attenuate.  P.  nigra. 
Leaves  deltoid.     16. 

16.  Buds  glabrous.     (Eastern  c.).  P.  deltoides  monilifera. 
Buds  velvety.     (Western  cotton  wood).  P.  Sargentii. 

SALIX.    Willow.    Osier. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  trees  with  light  brown  wood  with 
numerous  minute  scattered  ducts  and  very  fine  medullary 
rays;  round  continuous  pale  pith;  chiefly  alternate  sessile 
appress<ed  oblong  buds  with  a  single  exposed  scale  standing 
directly  over  the  leaf-scar,  the  end-bud  lacking;  shallow  U- 
shaped  or  transverse  low  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces ;  small 
if  any  stipule-scars;  usually  narrow  rather  small  short-petioled 


20 


SALICACEAE 


leaves;   dioecious  naked  flowers  in  catkins;   and  small  flask- 
shaped  stalked  capsules  with  numerous  cottony  seeds. 

1.  Leaves  green  and  glabrate  on  both  sides.     2. 
Leaves  whitened  beneath.     3. 

2.  Leaves  narrow.  S.  nigra. 
Leaves  3  cm.  wide,  glossy.                                    S.  pentandra. 

3.  Leaves  woolly  beneath.     4. 

Leaves  finally  glabrous,  or  else  silky  beneath.     6. 

4.  Leaves  narrow,  revolute. 

Leaves  broad,  often  crisped:  catkins  large. 

5.  Not  weeping.     (Goat  willow). 
Weeping.    (Kilmarnock  willow).  S 

6.  Leaves  broad,  veiny  beneath.     7. 
Leaves  narrowr  or  elongated.     8. 

7.  Young  catkins  large.    (Pussy  willow). 
Catkins  small  and  slender. 

8.  Leaves  glabrous,  little  whitened  beneath. 
Leaves  silky  or  else  distinctly  white  beneath. 

9.  Leaves  white-silky  on  both  faces. 
Leaves  glabrate  above.    10. 

10.  Twigs  golden  yellow. 

Twigs  bright  red.  S. 

Twigs  green:   habit  weeping. 


S.  incana. 
5. 

S.  caprea. 
caprea  pendula. 


S.  discolor. 

S.  cordata. 

S.  fragilis. 
9. 

S.  alba. 


S.  vitellina. 

vitellina  Britzensis. 

S,  babylonica. 


Family  MYRICACEAE.     Bayberry  Family. 
A  simall  family  of  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  aromatic 
foliage,  the  wax  which  encrusts  the  fruit  of  some  species  used 
in  a  small  way  for  making  candles. 

MYRICA.     Bayberry. 

Deciduous  mostly  aromatic  shrubs  or  small  trees'  with 
reddish  rather  hard  wood  with  minute  scattered  ducts  and 
fine  medullary  rays;  slender  twigs;  continuous  irregular  pith; 
alternate  half-round  low  small  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces; 
no  stipule-scars;  round  sessile  buds  with  about  3  exposed  scales; 
oblong  entire  or  coarsely  few-toothed  or  deeply  and  regularly 


JUGLANDACEAE  21 

lobed  leaves  with  golden  glands  beneath;  small  naked  imper- 
fect flowers  in  short  catkins;  and  small  rounded  aggregates  of 
dry  fruits  often  very  waxen. 

1.  Leaves  elongated,  deeply  lobed.  (Sweetfern).  M.  asplenifolia. 
Leaves  short,  toothed  toward  the  end  or  entire.     2. 

2.  Leaves  much  narrowed  at  base:  low  shrub.    3. 
Leaves  oblanceolate.     4. 

3.  Leaves  pubescent  beneath.  M.  Gale. 
Leaves  glabrate.                                              M.  Gale  subglabra. 

4.  Leaves  characteristically  obtuse:  shrubby.     M.  carolinensis. 
Leaves  acute:   rather  tree-like.  M.  cerifera. 

Family   LEITNERIACEAE.      Corkwood    Family. 
A  family  consisting  of  only  the  following  genus  with  a 
single  species  of  no  decorative  value  but  sometimes1  grown  as 
a  curiosity  because  of  its  extremely  light  wood. 

LEITNERIA.    Corkwood. 

Deciduous  little-branched  swamp  shrubs  with  rather  stout 
terete  twigs;;  very  light  pale  wood  with  moderate  ducts  in 
short  subtangential  series  and  very  fine  medullary  rays; 
rounded  continuous  white  pith;  alternate  little  raised  half- 
elliptical  or  triangular  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no 
stipule-scars1;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with  several  exposed  scales; 
moderate  entire  petioled  leaves;  dioecious  apetalous  flowers  in 
catkins;  and  dry  drupe-like  wrinkled  fruit. 
Leaves  lance-elliptical,  hairy  beneath.  L.  floridana. 

Family  JUGLANDACEAE.     Walnut  Family. 
A  small  widespread  family  furnishing  most  of  the  nuts  of 
commerce  and  the  important  hard  woods  hickory  and  walnut; 
sometimes  planted  for  shade  trees. 

JUGLANS.    Walnut.     Butternut. 

Deciduous  mostly  large  trees  with  brown  wood  with  mod- 
erate fairly  uniform  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays 
with  tangential  bands  of  wood  parenchyma;  stout  roundish 
twigs1;  rather  heart-shaped  triangular  or  3-lobed  large  leaf- 


22  JUGLANDACEAE 

scars  with  3  crescent-shaped  or  compound  bundle-traces;  no 
stipule-scars;  superposed  buds  with  several,  sometimes  lobed, 
scales;  large  odd-pinnate  leaves;  small  monoecious  apetalous 
flowers  in  catkins;  and  large  nuts  with  hard  shell  enclosed 
by  an  indehiscent  fleshy  pericarp;  pith  finally  chambered. 

1.  Leaf -scars1  with  a  downy  cross-line  at  top.     2. 
Leaf-scars  without  a  downy  ridge  at  top,  notched.     3. 

2.  Twigs  moderate:    leaf-scars  not   notched.  J.   cinerea. 
Twigs  stout:  leaf-scars  notched.   (Japanese).  J.  Sieboldiana. 

3.  End  buds  elongated:   nuts  small.  J.  rupestris. 
End  buds  scarcely  longer  than  thick;  nuts  large.    4. 

4.  Buds  ashen-pubescent.     (Black  walnut).  J.  nigra. 
Buds  glabrate.     (European  walnut).                         ,    J.  regia. 

PTEROCARYA. 

Deciduous  trees  with  pale  wood  with  rather  sparse  and 
small  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays  with  wood-paren- 
chyma cross-lines;  moderately  stout  terete  twigs;  somewhat 
5-sided  brownish  chambered  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised 
obtusely  triangular  or  3-lobed  leaf-scars  with  3  compound 
bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  scaly  and  solitary,  or  naked 
and  superposed,  buds  the  uppermost  sometimes  long-stalked; 
large  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  toothed  leaflets;  inconspicuous 
monoecious  apetalous  flowers  in  catkins;  and  variously  winged 
nut-like  fruits. 

1.  Buds  naked,  superposed.     2. 

Lateral  buds  scaly,  solitary.  P.  rhoifolia. 

2.  Rachis  of  leaves  winged.  P.  stenoptera. 
Rachis  not  winged.                                                P.  fraxinifolia* 

CARYA.    Hickory. 

Rather  large  deciduous  trees  with  mostly  rough  bark; 
hard  finally  often  reddish  or  brownish  wood  with  the  ducts 
crowded  and  large  in  the  spring  growth  but  usually  smaller  or 
sparser  later  in  the  season,  and  very  fine  medullary  rays  con- 
nected by  equally  heavy  cross-lines  of  wood  parenchyma; 
mostly  stout  terete  twigs;  rather  large  roundish  essentially 


BETULACEAE  23 

homogeneous  sometimes  dark  pith;  alternate  low  shield-shaped 
large  leaf-scars  with  3  more  or  less  confluent  groups1  of  bundle- 
traces;  no  stipule  scars;  alternate  ovoid  often  superposed 
rather  large  buds  sometimes  stalked  or  developing  the  first 
season;  large  odd-pinnate  leaves;  small  green  monoecious 
apetalous  flowers  in  catkins  or  small  clusters;  and  rather  large 
nuts  with  loose  usually  dehiscent  husk.  (Hicoria). 

1.  Bud-scales  in  pairs,  sometimes  developing  into  small  leaves: 

lateral  buds  often  stalked.     (Pecans  and  Bitternuts1) .  2. 
Bud-scales  not  in  opposite  pairs.     3. 

2.  Twigs  and  buds  with  yellow  glands':  nut  scarcely  elongated, 

mamillated,  very  thin-shelled,  very  bitter.  C.  cordiformis. 
Twigs  scarcely  glandular:  nut  longer  than  thick,  rather  firm- 
shelled,  not  bitter.     (Pecan).  C.  Pecan. 

3.  Terminal  bud  small   (scarcely  10  mm.  long).   (Pignuts).  4. 
Terminal  bud  large  (usually  over  10  mm.).  (Hickories).    5 

4.  Leaves  glabrate:  bark  not  deeply  fissured.  C.  ovalis. 
Leaves  hairy:  bark  deeply  fissured  into  squares.  C.  villosa. 

5.  Outer  bud-scales  falling:  not  shaggy.  (Mockernut).      C.  alba. 
Outer  scales  persistent,  pointed:   bark  shaggy.     6. 

6.  Twigs  buff  or  orange:  leaflets  7-9.  (King-nut).      C.  laciniosa. 
Twigs  gray  or  reddish:  leaflets  usually  five.    7. 

7.  Twigs  glabrate.     (Shagbark  hickory).  C.  ovata. 
Twigs  persistently  hairy.  (Hairy  Shagbark)  .O.  ovata  hirsuta. 

Family  BETULACEAE.     Birch  Family. 
A  small  family  chiefly  of  cold  regions,  furnishing  some 
important  lumber  and  the  hazel  nuts  and  filberts  of  commerce; 
much  planted  for  single  tree  effect. 

CORYLUS.    Hazel.    Filbert. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  light  brown  wood  with  minute  ducts 
in  radial  or  flame  like  patterns  and  very  fine  medullary  rays; 
moderately  slender  rounded  often  bristly  twigs;  roundish 
homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  low  crescent-shaped  leaf- 
scars  with  3  often  compound  bundle-traces;  narrow  stipule- 
scars  ;  ovoid  buds  with  half-a-dozen  exposed  scales,  the  end  bud 


24  BETULACEAE 

absent;  rather  large  broad  but  pinnately  veined  stalked  simple 
leaves;  inconspicuous  monoecious  apetalous  flowers  in  catkins; 
and  light  brown  hard-shelled  rather  small  nuts  in  green  or 
membranaceous  husks. 

1.  Husk  ot  2  nearly  or  quite  separate  bracts.     2. 
Husk  tubular.     8. 

2.  Husk  bur-like.  C.  ferox. 
Husk  unarmed.    3. 

3.  Husk  parted  into  linear  divisions.  C.  colurna. 
Husks  with  broader  divisions.     4. 

4.  Husk  open,  hardly  longer  than  the  short  nut.    5. 

Husk  closely  applied  to  and  surpassing  nut.       C.  americana. 

5.  Leaves  laciniate.  C.  Avellana  laciniata. 
Leaves  not  deeply  parted.    6. 

6.  Rather  upright.     7. 

Branches  drooping.  C.  Avellana  pendula. 

7.  Leaves  green.      (European  hazel).  C.  Avellana. 
Leaves  yellow.                                                   C.  Avellana  aurea. 
Leaves  purple.                                      C.  Avellana  atropurpurea. 

8.  Husk  merely  pubescent;  nut  elongated.     9. 

Husk  bristly.     (Beaked  hazel).  C.  rostrata. 

9.  Leaves  green.     (Filbert).  C.  maxima. 
Leaves  purple.                                                C.  maxima  pupurea. 

OSTBYA.     Hop  Hornbeam. 

Deciduous  small  trees  with  scaly  bark:  somewhat  reddish 
hard  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary 
rays;  slender  somewhat  zig-zag  terete  twigs;  roundish  homo- 
geneous pale  pith;  alternate  2-ranked  somewhat  raised  small 
crescent-sihaped  leaf  scars  with  3  bundle  traces;  narrow  stip- 
ule-scars; elongated  ovoid  moderate  solitary  sessile  buds  with 
several  spirally  placed  finely  ridged  scales,  the  end  bud  lack- 
ing; simple  serrate  petioled  moderate  leaves;  inconspicuous 
monoecious  apetalous  flowers  in  small  catkins;  and  small 
seed-like  fruits,  each  subtended  by  a  larger  thin  scale,  ag- 
gregated in  a  hop-like  cluster. 
Twigs  villous1  and  glandular  or  glabrescent.  O.  virginiana. 


BETULACEAE  25 

CARPINUS.     Hornbeam.     Blue  Beech. 

Deciduous  small  trees  with  fluted  trunks;  smooth  gray  bark; 
pale  hard  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  extremely  fine 
medullary  rays;  slender  zig-zag  terete  twigs;  rather  round 
homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  2-ranked  low  small  crescent 
shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle  traces;  narrow  stipule-scars; 
elongated  ovoid  rather  small  sessile  buds  with  several  spir- 
ally placed  smooth  scales,  the  end  bud  lacking;  simple  doubly 
serrate  petioled  moderate  leaves;  inconspicuous  monoecious 
apetalous  flowers  in  small  catkins;  and  small  ribbed  seed-like 
fruits,  each  subtended  by  a  hastate  bract. 

1.  Bracts  acute,  sharply  serrate.  C.  caroliniana. 
Bracts  blunt,  not  serrate.     (European).     2. 

2.  Tree  round-topped.     3. 

Tree  conical.  C.  Betulus  pyramidalis. 
3-  Leaves  green.  4. 

Leaves  for  a  time  purple.  C.  Betulus  purpurea. 

4.  Leaves  merely  toothed.  C.  Betulus. 

Leaves  cut  or  lobed.  C.  Betulus  incisa. 

BETULA.     Birch. 

Deciduous  trees  or  occasionally  shrubs  often  with  papery- 
flaking  or  white  bark  with  transversely  elongated  lenticels;  pale 
or  reddish  often  hard  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and 
very  fine  medullary  rays;  mos<tly  very  slender  terete  twigs; 
small  3-sided  or  flattened  homogeneous  greenish  pith;  alter- 
nate often  2-ranked  low  rather  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with 
3  bundle-traces;  short  narrow  evanescent  stipule  scars;  ovoid  or 
oblong  sessile  solitary  buds,  the  terminal  present  on  spurs  and 
the  lateral  rather  appressed  with  about  6  alternate  exposed 
scales;  simple  usually  toothed  petioled  leaves;  small  imperfect 
inconspicuous  apetalous  flowers  in  catkins;  and  small  2-wing- 
ed  fruits  in  cone-like  catkins  with  deciduous  3-lobed  scales. 

1.  Shrubs.     2. 
Trees.     4. 

2.  Leaves  glabrous.     3. 

Leaves  pubescent,  dentate.  B.  pumila. 


26  BETULACEAE 

3.  Twige  glandular-warty.  B.  glandulosa. 
Twigs  not  glandular-roughened.  B.  nana. 

4.  Bark  cherry-like,  wintergreen-fiavored.  ( Sweet  b.).  B.  lenta. 
Bark  flaking,  or  white  or  yellowish.     5. 

5.  Bark  gray  or  yellow  or  orange.     6. 
Bark  white.     7. 

6.  Leaves  ovate:  bark  gray  or  yellowish.  B.  lutea, 
Leaves  rhombic:  bark  orange     (Red  birch).             B.  nigra. 

7.  Leaves  triangular.  B.  populifolia. 
Leaves  ovate  or  else  lobed.     8. 

8.  Bark  mostly  flaking:  leaves  large  (4-12  cm.).  B.  papyrifera. 
Bark  not  flaking:  leaves  small  (2-6  cm.  long).     9. 

9.  Leaves  green.     10. 

Leaves  purple.  B.  pendula  purpurea. 

10.  Leaves  not  lobed.     11. 

Leaves  lobed  or  cut.  (Cut-leaved  birch).     13. 

11.  Scarcely  weeping  or  pyramidal.     12. 

Weeping.  B.  pendula  tristis. 

Narrowly  conical.  B.  pendula  fastigiata. 

12.  Twigs  pubescent.  B.  pubescens. 
Twigs  glabrous*.  B.  pendula. 

13.  Scarcely  weeping.  B.  pendula  dalecarlica. 
Weeping.  B.  pendula  gracilis. 

ALNUS.    Alder. 

Rather  ovoid  much  branched  deciduous  trees,  or  more  often 
seen  as  shrubs,  with  rather  smooth  bark;  brownish  rather  hard 
wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  occasional  thick  medul- 
lary rays  accompanying  the  prevalent  very  fine  ones;  rather 
slender  often  3-sided  twigs  with  3-sided  or  flattened  homogen- 
eous pith;  alternate  crescent-shaped  or  half  round  somewhat 
raised  leaf  scars  with  3  bundle-traces1  (or  the  lowermost  broken 
into  a  secondary  group)  in  a  single  series;  3-ranked  stalked 
plump  buds  with  about  3  exposed  scales;  rounded  or  ovate  or 
siomewhat  lanceolate  denticulate  or  once  or  twice  serrate  peti- 
oled  simple  leaves;  small  monoecious  apetalous  flowers  in  cat- 


FAGACEAE  27 

kins  or  cone-like  clusters  often  evident  in  winter;  and  minute 
nutlets  in  a  woody  cone-like  cluster. 

1.  Leaves  doubly  serrate,  or  crenate  and  serrate.     2. 
Leaves  simply  toothed,  or  lobed.    4. 

2.  Leaves  glaucous  beneath.     3. 

Leaves  green  beneath.  A.  rugosa. 

3.  Twigs  pubescent.     (Speckled  alder).  A.  incana. 
Twigs  glabrate.  A.  tinctoria. 

4.  Leaves  obtuse.     5. 

Leaves  pointed.  A.  japonica. 

5.  Leaves  dentate  or  lobed,  sometimes  acute-based.     6. 
Leaves  closely  serrulate,  very  round-based.     A.  Mitchelliana. 

6.  Leaves  lobed.  A.  glutinosia  laciniata. 
Leaves  merely  dentate.     7. 

7.  Leaves  green.    8. 

Leaves  yellow.  A.  glutinosa  aurea. 

8.  Leaves  not  red-veined.  (European  alder).  A.  glutinosa. 
Leaves  red-veined.                               A.  glutinosa  rubrinervia. 

Family  FAGACEAE.     Beech  Family. 

A  widespread  family  especially  in  temperate  regions,  con- 
prising  a  fow  genera  but  numerous!  species;  the  source  of  such 
"hard-woods"  as  beech  and  oak,  the  chestnuts  of  commerce, 
and  much  used  for  single  tree  effects'  and  occasionally  as  street 
trees. 

FAGUS.    Beech. 

Finally  large  deciduous  trees  with  normally  smooth  light 
gray  bark;  brownish  rather  hard  wood  with  minute  diffused 
ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays  with  frequent  much  heavier  in- 
tervening rays;  terete  moderately  slender  rather  zig-zag  twigs; 
rather  3-sided  homogeneous;  pith;  alternate  2-ranked  some- 
what raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  simple  or  com 
pound  bundle-traces;  narrow  stipule-scars  nearly  meeting 
around  the  twig;  fusiform  pungent  long  and  obliquely  spread- 
ing buds  with  many  scales;  rather  low-toothed  moderate 
stalked  leaves  often  clustered  on  spurs;  small  monoecious 


28 


FAGACEAE 


apetalous  flowers   in   stalked  head-like  axillary  catkins;    and 
small  3-sided  brown  nuts  solitary  in  bristly  dehiscent  husks. 
1.  Leaves  rather  blunt,  minutely  toothed.     2. 

Leaves  sharply  toothed.     (American  beech).    F.  grandifolia. 
Leaves  lobed.    5. 
3. 

F.  sylvatica  pyramidalis. 


(European  beech). 


2.  Round-topped. 
Pyramidal. 
Weeping.     4. 

3.  Leaves  green. 
Leaves  yellow. 
Leaves  purple. 

4.  Leaves  purple. 
Leaves  green. 

5.  Bark  dark,  rough. 
Bark  gray,  smooth.     6. 

6.  Leaves  rather  sinuate. 
Leaves  moderately  incised. 
Leaves  very  deeply  incised. 


F.  sylvatica. 
F.  sylvatica  Zlatia. 
F.  sylvatica  purpurea. 
F.  sylvatica  purpurea  pendula. 
F.  sylvatica  pendula. 
F.  sylvatica  quercoides. 

F.  sylvatica  quercifolia. 

F.  sylvatica  incisa. 

F.  sylvatica  heterophylla. 


CASTANEA,     Chestnut. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  mostly  trees  with  fissured  gray  bark; 
rather  soft  brown  wood  with  very  large  ducts  crowded  in  the 
spring  growth  and  minute  ducts  in  flame-shaped  patterns  in 
the  summer  growth,  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  moder- 
ately stout  usually  fluted  moderate  twigs;  angled  homogeneous 
pale  pith;  alternate  moderate  crescent-shaped  somewhat  raised 
leaf-scars  with  a  number  of  bundle-traces  scattered  or  un- 
equally clustered  in  3  groups;  unequal  stipule-scars;  ovoid 
solitary  sessile  buds — the  terminal  sometimes  absent,  with 
about  2  exposed  scales;  simple  rather  large  stalked  sharply 
serrate  leaves;  small  monoecious  apetalous  flowers,  the  stam- 
inate  in  catkins,  and  brown  thin-shelled  nuts,  1  or  several  in  a 
prickly  dehiscent  bur. 

1.  Mature  leaves  essentially  glabrous  beneath.     2. 

Mature  leaves  pubescent  beneath,  or  petioles  pubescent.     4. 

2.  Young  leaves  glabrate,  acute  at  base.  ( American). C.dentata. 
Young  leaves  stellate-tomentose  beneath.    3. 


PAGACEAE  29 

3.  Leaves  acute  at  base.   (European  chestnut).  C.  sativa. 
Leaves  rounded  or  subcordateat  base.  (Japanese ).C.crenata. 

4.  Petiole  villous:  nuts  several  in  the  bur.  C.  mollissima. 
Petiole  not  villous:  nut  solitary.  (Chinquapin).    C.  pumila. 

QUERCUS.    Oak. 

In  our  region  deciduous  trees,  or  exceptionally  shrubs,  with 
yellowish  or  red-brown  hard  ring-porous  wood  with  the  smal- 
ler ducts  radially  arranged,  fine  medullary  rays,  with  trans- 
verse bands  of  wood  parenchyma  and  frequent  very  heavy  in- 
tervening rays;  slender  or  moderate  usually  fluted  twigs; 
moderate  5-angled  continuous!  pith;  alternate  ratner  small 
half-round  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars  with  half  a  dozen  scat- 
tered bundle-traces;  minute  stipule-scars  of  filiform  persistent 
stipules;  sessile  ovoid  or  conical  buds  crowded  toward  the  tip, 
with  a  considerable  number  of  scales;  entire  or  toothed  or 
mostly  pinnately  lobed  petioled  leaves;  monoecious  small  apet- 
alous  flowers,  in  catkins  or  axillary;  and  nut-like  fruit  with  a 
scaly  cup  at  the  base. 

1.  Leaves  entire.  (Willow  oaks).    2. 

Leaves  coarsely  toothed.     (Chestnut  oaks).     3. 
Leaves  distinctly  lobed.     5. 

2.  Leaves  narrow  (under  25mm.  wide),  glabrous.     Q.  Phellos. 
Leaves  broad  (often  50  mm.) ,  downy  beneath.    Q.  imbricaria. 

3.  Shrub:  leaves  sharp-toothed,  downy  beneath.     Q.  prinoides. 
Trees:  leaves  downy  beneath.     4. 

4.  Leaves  with  sharp  teeth:  fruit  sessile.         Q.  Muhlenbergii. 
Leaves  with  blunt  teeth:  fruit  long-stalked.  Q.  bicolor. 

5.  Lobes  blunt,  never  bristle-tipped.     6. 
Lobes  acute,  ending  in  bristles.     10. 

6.  Leaves  pubescent  beneath:  twigs  buff.  Q.  macrocarpa. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     7. 

7.  Buds  conical  or  pyramidal,  gray-pubescent.     8. 

Buds  round  or  ovoid:  entirely  glabrous.  (White  o.).  Q.  alba. 

8.  Leaves  auricled  at  base,  glabrous.    9. 

Leaves  not  auricled,  midrib  sometimes  hairy.Q.  sessiliflora. 


30  MORACEAE 

9.  Round-topped.     (English  oak).  Q.  Robur. 

Columnar.  Q.  Robur  fastigiata. 

10.  Buds  essentially  glabrous.     11. 

Buds  pubescent:  lobes  of  leaves  widened  upwards.    13. 

11.  Buds  moderately  large   (often  4X7  mm.).     12. 

Buds  small  (scarcely  3X4  mm.).  (Pin  oak).       Q.  palustris. 

12.  Lobes  of  leaves  narrowed  upward.  (Red  oak).        Q.  rubra. 
Lobes  of  leaves  widened  upward,  glossier.  Q.  coccinea. 

13.  Buds  large   (5X10  mm.),  angled,  hairy.  Q.  velutina. 
Buds1  moderate   (4X7  mm.),  glabrate.                Q.  coccinea. 
Buds  small   (3X5  mm.),  glabrescent.            Q.  ellipsoidalis. 

Family  MORACEAE.  Mulberry  Family. 
A  family  of  few  genera  and,  except  for  the  tropical  figs, 
few  species,  with  milky  juice:  constituting  the  principal  source 
of  India  rubber  and  producing  the  edible  mulberries  and  figs. 
The  Osage  orange  is  extensively  used  for  hedges  and,  like 
fustic,  is  said  to  yield  a  valuable  dye. 

MACLURA.     Osage  Orange.     "Hedge." 

Deciduous  milky-juiced  small  trees  with  rough-ridged 
bark,  that  of  the  roots  peeling  in  light  orange  flakes;  hard 
light  brown  wood  with  the  vernal  ducts  larger  and  crowded 
and  those  of  summer  in  a  wavy  tangential  pattern ;  somewhat 
raised  half-round  or  3-sided  leaf-scars  with  bundle-traces  aggre- 
gated in  a  broken  ellipse;  no  stipule  scars;  subglobose  buds 
with  several  exposed  scales,  usually  producing  a  spine  from 
the  axil  of  one;  moderate  petioled  leaves  often  clustered  on 
short  spurs;  dioecious  apetalous  flowers  in  stalked  catkins  or 
heads;  and  very  large  aggregate  green  fruit  with  fleshy  s'epals 
and  seed-like  akenes.  (Toxylon). 
Leaves  lance-ovate:  fruit  5-10  cm.  M.  pomifera. 

BBOUSSONETIA.    Paper  Mulberry. 

Deciduous  trees  with  rather  smooth  mottled  bark;  milky 
sap;  yellowish  white  soft  wood  with  numerous  rather  large 
ducts  in  the  spring  growth  and  smaller  diffused  ones  in  the 


MOB  ACE  AE  31 

later  growth,  marked  tangential  pattern  of  wood  parenchyma 
in  the  autumn  growth,  and  distinct  medullary  rays;  moderate 
terete  twigs;  round  homogeneous  pale  pith  diaphragmed  at  the 
nodes;  alternate  or  exceptionally  opposite  half-round  or  ellip- 
tical leaf-scars  with  a  sometimes  very  indistinct  crescent- 
shaped  bundle-trace;  narrow  stipule  scars;  ovoid  appressed 
sessile  solitary  buds,  the  terminal  small,  with  2  or  3  exposed 
scales;  ovate  toothed  or  lobed  rather  large  petioled  leaves; 
dioecious  inconspicuous  apetalous  flowers  in  catkins1  or  small 
heads;  and  aggregated  drupelets. 

1.  Leaves  alternate.     2. 

Leaves  commonly  opposite.  B.  papyrifera  contraria. 

2.  Leaves  flat.     3. 

Leaves  concave.  B.  papyrifera  cucullata. 

3.  Leaves1  at  most  with  few  coarse  lobes.    4. 

Leaves  dissected  into  narrow  divisions.  B.  papyrifera  dissecta. 

4.  Fruit  red.  B.  papyrifera. 
Fruit  white.                                          B.  papyrifera  leucocarpa. 

MOBUS.    Mulberry. 

Deciduous  trees  with  gray-brown  bark;  milky  sap;  brown 
rather  soft  wood  with  small  ducts  somewhat  larger  and  crowd- 
ed in  the  late  vernal  growth,  and  distinct  medullary  rays  con- 
nected by  transverse  lines  of  wood  parenchyma;  rather  slen- 
der.terete  twigs;  roundish  continuous  pale  pith;  alternate  often 
2-ranked  half-round  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars  with  7  or  more 
bundle-traces  scattered  or  in  an  ellipse;  unequal  stipule  scars; 
no  end  bud,  the  ovoid  sessile  collaterally  branched  lateral 
buds  with  about  6  exposed  scales;  broadly  ovate  serrate  or 
deeply  and  unequally  lobed  petioled  leaves;  small  imperfect 
apetalous  flowers  in  catkin-  or  head-like  clusters,  and  rather 
small  aggregate  fruits  with  fleshy  sepals. 

1.  Buds  spreading:  scales  dark-margined:  leaves  rough  above.  2. 
Buds  appressed,  uniformly  colored:  leaves  nearly  smooth.  3. 

2.  Leaves  dull,  not  very  pubescent.  (Red  mulberry).  M.  rubra. 
Leaves  glossy  above,  tomentose  beneath.  M.  rubra  tomentosa. 


32  ULMACEAJB 

3.  Leaves  rather  exceptionally  lobed.  (White  mulberry). M. alba. 
Leaves  mostly  lobed.     4. 

4.  Leaves  cuneate,  toothed,  white-veined.          M.  alba  nervosa. 
Leaves  rather  regularly  lobed.    5. 

5.  Not  weeping.  (Tartarian  mulberry).  M.  alba  tatarica. 
Weeping.     (Teas'  mulberry).                          M.  alba  pendula. 

Ficus.    Fig. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  trees  (of  large  size  and  unusual  habit 
in  the  tropics,  or  with  persistent  leaves  and  sometimes  climb- 
ing by  roots  as  in  forms  cultivated  under  glass),  with  milky 
sap;  rather  stout  terete  twigs;  round  continuous  pith  dia- 
phragmed  at  the  nodes;  alternate  somewhat  raised  rather  large 
rounded  leaf-scars1  with  3  compound  bundle-traces;  narrow 
stipule-scars  encircling  the  twigs;  rounded  subsessile  solitary 
buds,  with  half-a-dozen  or  &o  scales  when  fertile,  the  vegetative 
buds  pointed,  and  with  1  scale;  simple  mostly  long-stalked 
leaves;  minute  imperfect  apetalous  flowers  concealed  in  the 
large  hollow  receptacle;  and  fleshy  hypanthium  containing 
numerous  small  seed-like  akenes. 
Leaves  palmately  nerved,  often  deeply  lobed.  F.  Carica. 

Family  ULMACEAE.     Elm  Family. 

A  rather  small  family  of  little  economic  value  except  that 
some  of  the  elms  furnish  the  finest  of  shade-  and  street-trees, 
and  lumber  is  obtained  from  elms  and  hackberry. 

ULMUS.    Elm. 

Deciduous  often  very  delique&cent  trees  with  pale  or  usual- 
ly brown  tough  wood  with  small  ducts  usually  larger  and  more 
crowded  in  spring  but  minute  and  in  tangential  patterns  in 
autumn,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender  terete  or  winged 
twigs;  small  rounded  continuous  pith;  alternate  2-ranked 
half-round  or  half-elliptical  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars  with  3 
bundle-traces;  transverse  stipule  scars;  sessile  ovoid  buds  with 
a  number  of  2-ranked  scales,  the  terminal  absent;  short-petiol- 
ed  oblique  toothed  moderate  leaves;  small  perfect  apetalous 


ULMACEAE  33 

clustered    flowers    appearing    before  the    foliage;    and    round 
samaras. 

1.  Leaves  only  once-serrate,  scarcely  5  cm.  long.     2. 
Leaves  doubly  serrate.    3. 

2.  Flowering  in  early  spring.  U.  pumila. 
Flowering  in  summer  or  autumn.                        U.  parvifolia. 

3.  Buds  light  brown:  fruit  ciliate.     4. 

Buds  red-brown  or  nearly  black:  not  deliquescent.    8. 

4.  Percurrent,  often  corky-winged.     5. 
Deliquescent,  without  corky  wings  or  ridges.     6. 

5.  Cork-wings  thin.     (Wahoo).  U.  alata. 
Cork-ridges  thick.     (Rock  elm.).                       U.  racemosa. 

6.  Shrub.  U.  americana  nana. 
Trees.     7. 

7.  Leaves  green.   (White  elm).  U.  americana. 
Leaves  yellow.    (Golden  elm).                 U.  americana  aurea. 

8.  Buds  and  fruit  glabrous.    9. 
Buds  pubescent.     11. 

9.  Leaves  large  (8-12  cm.  long).  (Dutch  elm).  XU.  hollandica. 
Leaves  mostly  5-8  cm.  long.     10. 

10.  Twigs  not  corky-ridged.  X   U.  foliacea. 
Twigs  often  with  corky  outgrowths.     U.  foliacea  suberosa. 

11.  Twigs  bristly:  buds  red-hairy.   (Slippery  elm).        U.  fulva. 
Twigs  and  buds  soft-hairy:  fruit  glabrous.     12. 

12.  Some  leaves  shouldered  or  3-pointed.     13. 
Leaves  not  shouldered.  (English  elm).     15. 

13.  Leaves  green.    14. 

Leaves  purple.  U.  glabra  atropurpurea. 

14.  Not  weeping.   (Scotch  elm).  U.  glabra. 
Weeping.   (Camperdown  elm).  U.  glabra  camperdownii. 

15.  Leaves  not  variegated.  U.  campestris 
Leaves   variegated.     16. 

16.  Leaves  white,  green-blotched.  var.  argenteo-maculata. 
Leaves  green,  white-blotched.  var.  argenteo-marmorata. 

PLANER  A.     Planer  Tree. 
Deciduous  small  trees  with  somewhat  brownish  wood  with 


34  ULMACEAE 

minute  ducts  sometimes  in  evident  tangential  lines,  and  fine 
medullary  rays;  slender  terete  zig-zag  twigs;  small  rounded 
continuous  pith;  alternate  2-ranked  half-round  somewhat 
raised  leaf-scars;  sessile  round-ovoid  buds  with  several  2- 
ranked  scales,  the  end-bud  absent;  short-petioled  sometimes 
oblique  rather  small  and  thick  toothed  leaves;  small  perfect 
apetalous  clustered  flowers  appearing  before  the  foliage;  and 
small  rounded  blunt-spiny  fruit. 
Leaves  ovate,  unequally  biserrate.  P.  aquatica. 

ZELKOVA. 

Deciduous  rather  small  trees  with  slender  twigs;  small 
pith;  alternate  2-ranked  scarcely  raised  half-elliptical  leaf- 
scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  minute  transverse  stipule  scars; 
ovoid  sessile  often  collaterally  multiple  buds  with  half-a-dozen 
exposed  scales  in  several  ranks;  short-petioled  oblique  toothed 
rather  small  leaves;  inconspicuous  often  imperfect  apetalous 
flowers;  and  small  drupe-like  fruits. 

1.  Leaves  large  (4X8  cm.),  acuminate.  Z.  serrata. 
Leaves  smaller  (scarcely  3X6  cm.),  not  acuminate.  2. 

2.  Leaves  lanceolate,  rather  long  (4-5  cm.).  Z.  Davidii. 
Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  short   (3-4  cm.).        Z.  ulmoides. 

CELTIS.     Hackberry. 

Rather  ovoid  much  branched  deciduous  trees,  or  occasion- 
ally shrubs,  with  variously  roughened  or  warty  bark;  hard 
pale  or  red-brown  wood  with  a  vernal  zone  of  medium-sized 
ducts  and  smaller  summer  ducts  in  a  wavy  transverse  pattern, 
and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender  sometimes  grooved  sympodial 
zig-zag  twigs  with  somewhat  angular  pale  pith  chambered  in 
places;  alternate  2-ranked  appressed  small  buds  with  several 
2-ranked  scalesi;  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle- 
traces;  minute  stipule-scars;  ovate-lanceolate  truncately  or 
cordately  oblique  moderate-sized  often  serrate  simple  leaves; 
small  monoecious  greenish  apetalous  flowers  solitary  or  few 
together;  and  small  sugary  drupes  with  reticulate  or  pitted 
stone. 


ABISTOLOCHIACEAE  35 

1.  Trees.     2. 

Shrubs:  buds  small.  C.  pumila. 

2.  Leaves  entire  and  glabrous:  buds  small.  C.  mississippiensis. 
Leaves  toothed  or  pubescent:  buds  larger.        C.  occidentalis. 

Family  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.     Birthwort  Family. 

A  rather  small  family,  chiefly  of  herbs,  of  little  use  except 
that  species  of  Aristolochia  (e.  g.  the  goose-flower)  are  often 
grown  under  glass  for  their  large  or  peculiar,  usually  ill- 
scented,  flowers. 

ARISTOLOCHIA.    Dutchman's  Pipe. 

Woody  twiners  (as  here  considered)  with  brown  wood  with 
large  diffused  ducts  and  broad  wedge-shaped  medullary  rays; 
for  a  time  green  sympodial  stems  swollen  at  the  nodes;  pale 
homogeneous  roundish  pith;  rounded  alternate  superposed  few- 
scaled  small  buds  encircled  by  the  leaf-scar;  U-shaped  leaf- 
scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-E'cars;  simple  large  cor- 
date leaves;  axillary  perfect  pipe-shaped  apetalous  epigynous 
flowers,  green  with  brown  or  lurid  throat;  and  rather  large 
hanging  basket-like  capsules  with  flat  s'eeds. 
Glabrate:  flower  with  smooth  segments.  A.  macrophylla. 

Velvety:  flower  with  rugose  segments.  A.  tomentosa. 

Family  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.     Pink  Family. 

A  rather  large  family  of  herbaceous  plants  much  used  in 
flower-gardening  and  including  the  "carnation"  of  florists:  the 
following  and  some  other  dense-growing  species  occasionally 
employed  in  rock-gardens. 

SILENE.     Moss  Campion. 

Mostly  perennial   herbs  with   opposite   sessile  leaves;    no 
stipules;  mostly  perfect  "pink"-like  polypetalous  flowers  with 
3  carpels;  and  1-  or  partly  2-celled  many-seeded  capsules  dehis- 
cing at  the  top. 
Low,  matted,  with  crowded  linear  leaves,  S.  acaulis. 


36  CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 

Family   CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE. 

An  Asiatic  family  including  only  the  following  genus  with 
a  single  species,  forming  an  attractive  small  tree. — Sometimes 
merged  in  the  Trochodendraceae. 

CERCIDIPHYLLUM. 

Deciduous  trees  with  slender  twigs  widened  at  the  nodes; 
clos'e-grained  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medul- 
lary rays;  somewhat  angular  continuous  small  pith;  opposite 
or  obliquely  opposite  raised  half-elliptical  or  somewhat  3-lobed 
leaf -scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  appressed 
oblong  sessile  buds  with  1  or  2  exposed  scales;  palmately 
nerved  petioled  rather  crenate  round-cordate  leaves;  small 
dioecious  apetalous  solitary  flowers;  and  oblong  many-seeded 
capsules. 

Leaves  glabrous.  C.  japonicum. 

Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  beneath.        C.  japonicum  sinense. 

Family  RANUNCULACEAE.     Buttercup  Family. 
A  large  family,  chiefly  herbaceous,  of  no  great  economic 
use  but  often  becoming  troublesome  weeds ;  the  paeonies,  lark- 
spurs, virgin's  bowers  and  columbines  largely  planted. 

PAEONIA.    Paeony. 

Usually  herbs  and  not  evergreen,  with  alternate  pinnately 
parted  large  leaves;  large  white  or  red  polypetalous  perfect 
flowers;  and  fruit  of  several  often  large  follicles  each  with 
several  large  seeds. 

Not  woody:  ovaries  not  sheathed.  Herbaceous  paeonies. 

Soft-woody:  ovaries  sheathed  at  base.  P.  suffruticosa. 

CLEMATIS.     Virgin's  Bower. 

More  or  less  woody  plants  mostly  climbing  by  their  per- 
sistent leaf-stalks1,  with  6-sided  or  ribbed  slender  stems;  soft 
wood  with  large  crowded  vernal  ducts,  few  and  minute  sum- 
mer ducts,  and  coarse  wedge-shaped  medullary  rays;  relatively 
large  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith;  opposite  mostly  pin- 


RANUNCULACEAE 


37 


nate  stalked  leaves  with  the  leaflets  not  falling  from  a  dis- 
tinct scar  when  deciduous;  axillary  solitary  or  clustered  usual- 
ly perfect  often  very  large  apetalous  flowers  with  corolla-like 
calyx;  and  large  akenes  with  long  often  feathery  style. 

1.  Leaves  simple.     2. 
Leaves  compound.    5. 

2.  Leaves  entire.    3. 

Leaves  toothed:  not  climbing.  C.  Fremontii. 

3.  Flowers  creamy:  not  climbing.  C.  ochroleuca. 
Flowers  blue  or  purple.     4. 

4.  Not  climbing:   flowers  small,  urn-shaped.       C.  integrifolia. 
Climbing:  flowers  large  and  open.  C.  lanuginosa. 

5.  Leaflets  entire.    6. 
Leaflets  toothed.    13. 

6.  Flowers  urn-shaped,  small:  nearly  herbaceous.    7. 
Flowers  open.     10. 

7.  Styles  hairy  in  fruit.    8. 
Styles  not  feathery.    9. 

8.  Flowers  bluish  or  purple.  C.  Viorna. 
Flowers  bright  red.                                                     C.  texensis. 

9.  Flowers  bell-shaped.  C.  Pitcheri. 
Flowers  cylindrical.  C.  crispa. 

10.  Styles  feathery  in  fruit.    11. 

Styles  without  hairs.  C.  Viticella. 

11.  Flowers  small  (scarcely  2  cm.),  fragrant.        C.  paniculata. 
Flowers  large   (some  8  cm.).     12. 

12.  Flowers  longer  than  their  stalks.  C.  lanuginosa. 
Flowers  shorter  than  their  stalks.  C.  patens. 

13.  Leaves  only  once  compound.     14. 

Leaves1  often  bipinnate,  half-evergreen.  C.  Flammula. 

14.  Leaflets  only  3:  flowers  dioecious.  C.  virginiana. 
Leaflets  often  more  than  3:  flowers  perfect.          C.  Vitalba. 

ZANTHORHIZA.    Yellowroot. 

Small  simple  shrubs  with  rather  slender  soft-wooded 
stems;  somewhat  angular  continuous  pale  pith;  narrow  trans- 
verse low  leaf-scars  with  about  7  bundle-traces;  no  stipule 


38  LARDIZABAJLACEAE 

scars;  solitary  buds  with  few  exposed  scales;  long-stalked 
pinnate  leaves  clustered  at  end  of  the  season's  growth;  small 
flowers  in  openly  branched  racemes;  and  small-seeded  follicles. 
Leaflets  incisely  serrate  or  parted.  Z.  apiifolia. 

Family  LARDIZABALACEAE. 

A  small  family,  often    included  in  Berberidaceae,    of  no 
great  use  except  for  the  effective  climbers  here  considered. 

AKEBIA. 

Deciduous  woody  twining  plants  with  rather  slender  green 
stems;  roundish  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  much  raised 
cres'cent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  several  irregularly  placed  bun- 
dle-traces at  point  of  breakage,  but  reduced  to  3  in  a  single 
series  near  the  stem;  no  stipule-scars;  acute  ovoid  sessile 
divergent  buds  with  a  dozen  exposed  scales;  long-petioled  digi- 
tate leaves  of  5  stalked  leaflets;  rather  small  functionally 
dioecious  lurid  polypetalous  flowers  racemed  from  the  nodes; 
and  rather  large  dehiscent  fruit  with  numerous  small  seeds 
immersed  in  the  placental  pulp. 
Leaflets  5,  nearly  entire,  notched  at  apex.  A.  quinata. 

STAUNTONIA. 

Evergreen  woody  glabrous  twiners,  bush-like  if  cut  back, 
with  soft  wood;  strong  terete  green  twigs;  rounded  continuous 
pith;  alternate  nearly  half-round  leaf-scars  with  numerous 
scattered  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  blunt  sessile 
buds  with  about  8  rather  fleshy  scales,  the  end-bud  lacking; 
digitate  long-petioled  leaves;  monoecious  apetalous  6-merous 
fragrant  white  flowers  in  axillary  racemes;  and  rather  large 
red-marked  berry-like  fruit. 
Leaflets  5  or  6,  petioled,  entire.  S.  hexaphylla. 

Family 'BERBERIDACEAE.     Barberry  Family. 
A  small  family  some  shrubs  of  which  are  much  used  in 
landscape  work.     The  European  barberry  is  viewed  with  dis- 
favor and  its  cultivation  is  prohibited  very  often  because,  if 


BEBBERIDACEAE  39 

infected  with  the  cluster-cup  fungus    (Aecidium},  it  spreads 
black  rust  (Puccinia)  to  wheat. 

BERBERIS.    Barberry. 

Deciduous  or  in  other  species  evergreen  shrubs  with  hard 
yellow  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  slightly  larger  in 
spring,  and  line  medullary  rays;  slender  angular  monopodial 
branches  with  roundish  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  5-ranked 
ovoid  buds  with  several  scales;  crescent-shaped  raised  leaf- 
scars  typically  with  3  bundle-traces;  rather  small  apparently 
simple  (unifoliolately  compound)  leaves  often  clustered  on 
spurs  or  replaced  by  1-  to  3-pronged  spines  on  shoots;  small 
perfect  polypetalous  yellow  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  or 
racemed;  and  small  ellipsoid  or  oblong  usually  1-seeded  berries. 

1.  Fruit  blue,  glaucous;  twigs  green.  B.  aristata. 
Fruit  red:  twigs  red  or  brown.    2. 

2.  Leaves  entire:  fruits  usually  solitary  on  a  stalk. 

(Asiatic  barberries).     3. 
Leaves  distinctly  toothed.    5. 

3.  Twigs  downy.  B.  Wilsonae. 
Twigs  glabrous.    4. 

4.  Becoming  rather  tall.  B.  Thunbergii. 
Compact.     (Box  barberry).                     B.  Thunbergii  minor. 

5.  Leaves  green.    6. 
Leaves  purple.     7. 
Leaves  variegated.    8. 

6.  Fruit  red  or  purplish.     (European  barberry).      B.  vulgaris. 
Fruit  yellow.  B.  vulgaris  lutea. 
Fruit  white.  B^ vulgaris  alba. 

7.  Leaves  of  ordinary  size  (2X4  cm.).  B.  vulgaris  atropurpurea. 
Leaves  distinctly  larger.  B.  vulgaris  macrophylla. 

8.  Leaves  white-marked.  B.  vulgaris  albo-variegata. 
Leaves  yellow-bordered.              B.  vulgaris  aureo-marginata. 

MAHONIA. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  rather  hard  wood  with  minute 
ducts  in  flame-like  pattern,  and  unequal  coarse  wedge-shaped 


40  MENISPEKMACEAE 

medullary  rays;  rounded  continuous  pith;  alternate  somewhat 
raised  U-shaped  leaf-scars  with  some  15  bundle-traces;  no 
stipule-scars;  ovoid  terminal  buds  with  numerous  rather  per- 
sistent hard  pointed  scales;  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  veiny 
pungent  toothed  and  often  crisped  leaflets;  small  perfect  poly- 
petalous  yellowish  racemed  flowers;  and  blue  glaucous  small 
one-seeded  berries. — Often  placed  in  Ber~beris. 

1.  Leaves  distinctly  stalked:  leaflets  about  five.     2. 
Leaves  nearly  sessile:   leaflets  about  nine.     6. 

2.  Rather  tall.     3. 

Dwarf  and  spreading.  M.  repens. 

3.  Leaves  glossy  bright  green.  M.  Aquifolium. 
Leaves  becoming  yellow.  M.  Aquifolium  lutescens. 
Leaves  mottled  with  red.  M.  Aquifolium  amabilis. 
Leaves  spotted.     4. 

4.  Variegation  white.  M.  Aquifolium  albo-variegata. 
Variegation  yellow.     5. 

5.  Spots  large  and  scattered.  M.  Aquifolium  aureo-variegata. 
Spots  small  and  numerous.  M.  Aquifolium  aucubifolia. 

6.  Leaflets  gray-green.  M.  pinnata. 
Leaflets  bright  green.  M.  pinnata  Wagneri. 

Family  MENISPERMACEAE.     Moonseed  Family. 
.  A  small  family  of  climbing  plants,  of  little  general  use. 

CALYCOCAEPUM.     Cupseed. 

Half  woody  twining  plants  with  slender  rather  fluted  green 
stems;  rounded  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised 
small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  small 
often  superposed  buds;  no  stipule-scars;  rather  large  long 
stalked  palmately  lobed  leaves  with  rounded  sinuses;  small 
imperfect  polypetalous  flowers  in  stalked  axillary  clusters; 
and  berry-like  drupe  with  a  large  cup-like  stone. 
Lobes  acuminate,  sinuses  part-elliptical.  C.  Lyoni. 

COCCULUS.     Carolina  Moonseed. 
Half-woody  twining  plants  with  somewhat  fluted  stems; 


MAGNOLIACEAE  41 

rounded  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  slightly  raised  small 
roundish  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars; 
small  hairy  sometimes  superposed  "buds;  rather  large  long- 
stalked  palmately  nerved  ovate  or  sometimes  elongated  often 
cordate  or  hastate  leaves,  small  imperfect  polypetalous  flowers 
in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles;  and  berry-like  drupe  with 
ring-like  transversely  ridged  stone. 

Leaves  glabrescent  above:  fruit  red.  Tender.  C.  carolinus. 
Leaves  pubescent:  fruit  blue-black.  Hardy.  C.  trilobus. 

MENISPERMUM.    Moonseed. 

Half-wpody  twining  plants  with  somewhat  fluted  green 
stems;  rather  large  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  round 
leaf-scars  with  a  raised  border  and  numerous  bundle-traces'  in 
a  single  series;  no  stipule-scars;  rounded  often  superposed 
buds;  rather  large  long-stalked  palmately  veined  angled  or 
very  shallowly  lobed  leaves;  small  dioecious  polypetalous  flow- 
ers in  long-stalked  axillary  clusters;  and  berry-like  drupe  with 
ring-like  dorsally  keeled  stone. 
Leaves  obtusely  angled  or  shallow-lobed.  M.  canadense. 

Family   MAGNOLIACEAE.     Magnolia   Family. 
A  rather  small  family,  usually  shrubby  but  including  some 
trees  of  large  size  such  as  the  tulip  tree  which  furnishes  "pop- 
lar" lumber,  etc.:  much  used  in  landscape  work. 

LIRIODENDRON.     Tulip  Tree.  "Poplar." 

Large  rather  percurrent  deciduous  trees  with  intricately 
fissured  bark;  pale  soft  wood  with  very  minute  diffused  ducts 
and  extremely  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate  terete  twigs; 
roundish  light  brown  pith  with  firmer  diaphragms;  alternate 
somewhat  raised  nearly  round  leaf-scars  with  about  a  dozen 
scattered  bundle-traces;  very  narrow  stipule-scars  encircling 
the  twigs;  solitary  sometimes  stalked  flattened  or  2-edged  buds 
with  2  valvate  scales;  rather  large  simple  truncate  or  deeply 
notched  stalked  leaves  with  2  or  more  lateral  lobes;  large 
green  and  yellow  perfect  polypetalous  terminal  flowers;  and  a 


42  MAGNOLIACEAE 

cone-like  fruit,  the  indeniscent  1-seeded  winged  carpels  falling 
away  from  a  persistent  spike-like  axis. 

1.  Leaves  not  lobed  at  base.  L.  Tulipifera  integrifolium. 
Leaves  with  2  or  4  basal  lobes.    2. 

2.  Lobes  2,  obtuse.  L.  Tulipifera  obtusilobum. 
Lobes  often  4,  acute.     3. 

3.  Tree  narrowly  pyramidal.  L.  Tulipifera  pyramidale. 
Tree  broad-topped.    4. 

4.  Leaves  unvariegated.  L.  Tulipifera 
Leaves  yellow-margined.       L.  Tulipifera  aureo-maginatum. 

MAGNOLIA. 

Deciduous  or  evergreen  shrubs  or  usually  trees  with  pale 
or  yellow  rather  soft  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine 
medullary  rays;  often  stout  terete  twigs;  pale  continuous 
rounded  pith;  alternate  low  half-elliptical  or  U-shaped  leaf- 
scars  with  some  10  or  more  bundle-traces  in  a  single  series  or 
scattered;  linear  stipule-scars  encircling  the  stem;  sessile 
ovoid  or  fusiform  rather  large  buds  with  a  single  exposed 
scale  bearing  a  petiole-scar  above  its  base;  elliptical  to  obovate 
entire  petioled  leaves;  large  showy  solitary  open  polypetalous 
flowers;  and  small  leathery  aggregated  capsules  from  which 
the  red-arillate  solitary  seeds  finally  hang  on  threads. 

1.  Evergreen:  pith  with  firmer  plates.    2. 
Deciduous:   pith  homogeneous.     3. 

2.  Leaves  heavy,  green  or  rusty  beneath.  M.  grandiflora. 
Leaves  thin,  glaucous  beneath.   (Sweet  bay).      M.  glauca. 

3.  Twigs  swollen:  leaves  clustered  at  end.     4. 
Twigs  not  swollen:  leaves  spaced:  buds  silky.     6. 

4.  Twigs  and  buds  hairy.  M.  macrophylla. 
Twigs  and  buds  glabrous.    5. 

5.  Leaves  not  auricled.  (Umbrella  tree).  M.  tripetala. 
Leaves  auricled  at  base.  M.  Fraseri. 

6.  Rather  large  trees,  flowering  when  in  leaf.    7. 
Smaller,  flowering  before  the  leaves  appear.     8. 

7.  Flowers  yellowish  green.  (Cucumber  tree).   M.  acuminata. 
Flowers  orange-yellow.  '      M.  acuminata  cordata. 


CALYCANTHACEAE 


43 


8.  Petals  numerous.    9. 
Petals  six  to  nine.     10. 

9.  Flowers  white. 
Flowers  rosy. 

10.  Flowers  white  or  lemon-shaded.    11.' 
Flowers  carmine  or  purplish  shaded. 

11.  Sepals  very  narrow. 

Sepals  resembling  the  petals. 

12.  Flowers  white  with  light  tinging. 
Flowers  deep-shaded  without.     13. 

13.  Flowers  cup-shaped,  early. 

Flowers  pear-shaped,  often  continuing. 


M.  stellata. 
M.  stellata  rosea. 

12. 

M.  Kobus. 

M.  denudata. 

X  M.  Soulangeana. 

M.  obovata. 
X  M.  Lennei. 


Family  CALYCANTHACEAE.     Carolina  Allspice  Family. 

A  small  family  of  shrubs,  of  no  great  use  but  attractive 
because  of  their  fragrant  flowers. 

CALYCANTHUS.     Strawberry  Shrub. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  moderate  aromatic  often  4-lined 
twigs  widened  at  the  nodes;  round  or  6-sided  homogeneous  pale 
pith;  opposite  elevated  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bun- 
dle-traces; no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sessile  sometimes  superposed 
buds,  the  terminal  usually  absent,  with  about  4  opposite  scales; 
simple  entire  short-stalked  moderate  leaves;  moderate  lurid 
axillary  flowers  often  strawberry-scented,  with  many  distinct 
petals;  and  pear-shaped  dry  hypanthium  enclosing  large  seed- 
like  akenes.  (Butneria). 

1.  Leaves  very  hairy  beneath.  C.  floridus. 
Leaves  nearly  or  quite  glabrous.     2. 

2.  Leaves  green  beneath.  C.  floridus. 
Leaves  whitened  beneath.                               C.  fertilis  glaucus. 

Family  ANNONACEAE.     Custard  Apple  Family. 
A  rather  small  family  of  succulent  herbs,  used  in  rockeries. 
In  the  tropics,  yielding  such  fruits  as  sour-sop,  cherimoya,  etc. 
The    name  papaw  properly   belongs    to  the  "papaya"    of    the 
tropics  (Carica). 

ASIMINA.     "Papaw." 
Deciduous  shrubs  or  very  small  trees  with  rather  smooth 


44  LAURACEAE 

dark  gray  bark;  greenish  soft  wood  with  a  zone  of  moderate 
ducts  in  the  spring  growth  and  decreasingly  smaller  ones 
diffused  through  the  remainder,  and  distinct  medullary  rays; 
rather  slender  terete  twigs;  rounded  continuous  pale  pith  with 
firmer  diaphragms,  becoming  brownish  and  spongy  or  cham- 
bered; alternate  half-round  or  broadly  crescent-shaped  leaf- 
scars  with  about  5  bundle-traces  in  a  single  series;  no  stipule- 
scars  with  about  5  bundle-traces  in  a  single  series;  no  stipule- 
naked  and  elongated,  the  lateral  often  superposed  with  the 
upper  globose  and  early  losing  its  few  outer  scales  and  becom- 
ing brown-silky ;  simple  large  short-stalked  leaves;  perfect 
lurid  large  mostly  solitary  polypetalous  flowers;  and  large 
oblong  fleshy  fruit  with  several  large  brown  seeds. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  acuminate.  A.  triloba. 

Family  LAURACEAE.     Laurel  Family. 
A    family    of  moderate  size,    chiefly    tropical,    including 
the  classic  laurel  or  bay  tree,  and  furnishing  cinnamon,  cam- 
phor, the  alligator  pear,  etc.:  little  used  in  out-of-door  planting. 

BENZOIN.     Spice  Bush. 

Deciduous  aromatic  shrubs  with  pale  wood  with  minute 
diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  ray&;  slender  terete  twigs 
with  rounded  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  rather  appressed 
superposed  ovoid  buds  with  about  3  exposed  scales, — the  upper- 
most one  or  two  early  developing  into  small  clusters  of  rounded 
flower-buds;  no  end  bud;  rather  elliptical  moderate  entire 
leaves;  low  crescent-shaped  leaf  scars  with  3  bundle-traces; 
no  stipule-scars;  small  yellow  polygamous  apetalous  flowers  in 
nearly  sessile  lateral  clusters;  and  red  spicy  drupes. 
Glabrate.  B.  aestivale. 

Pubescent.  B.  melissaefolium. 

SASSAFRAS. 

Deciduous  finally  large  aromatic  trees  with  rather  soft 
brown  ring-porous  wood  with  the  small  autumnal  ducts  in 
more  or  less  evident  tangential  series;  rather  slender  green 


CRASSTTLACEAE  45 

rounded  twigs;  continuous  roundish  pith;  alternate  low  cres- 
cent-shaped small  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule 
scars;  rounded  few-scaled  buds  often  developing  the  first  sea- 
son; petioled  entire  or  varyingly  lobed  moderate  mucilaginous 
leaves;  small  yellowish  dioecious  apetalous  flowers  clustered 
in  the  axils;  and  blue  drupes  in  red  cup-like  bases. 
Leaves  and  young  twigs  pubescent.  S.  variifolium 

Soon  glabrate:  twigs  often  glaucous.      S.  variifolium  albidum. 

ClNNAMOMUM. 

Small  aromatic  evergreen  trees  with  subterete  twigs; 
white  homogeneous  pith;  opposite  (or  alternate  and  4-ranked) 
naked  or  scaly  buds,  ovate  entire  petioled  leaves;  somewhat 
raised  half-round  leaf-scars  with  a  C-shaped  bundle-trace;  no 
stipule-scars;  small  perfect  flowers;  and  small  fleshy  fruits. 
Leaves  alternate.  (Camphor).  C.  Camphora. 

Leaves  opposite.   (Cinnamon).  C.  zeylanicum. 

Family  CRASSULACEAE.     Stonecrop   Family. 
A  rather  small  family  of  succulent  herbs,  used  in  rockeries. 

SEDUM.   'Stonecrop. 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  fleshy  leaves  alternate  or 
crowded  in  whorls;  no  stipules;  small  usually  perfect  poly- 
petalous  flowers;  and  several  small  follicles  from  each  flower, 

1.  Leaves  scarcely  broader  than  thick.    2. 
Leaves  distinctly  flattened.     3. 

2.  Leaves  short,  overlapping:  flowers  yellow.  S.  acre. 
Leaves  elongated,  spaced.                                      S.  pulchellum. 

3.  Leaves  at  least  partly  in  whorls  of  three.    4. 
Leaves  not  whorled.     5. 

4.  Leaves  entire,  some  in  rosettes.  S.  ternatum. 
Leaves  crenate,  not  in  rosettes.  S.  Sieboldii. 

5.  Low:  some  leaves  in  rosettes:  flowers  white.  S.  Nevii. 
Erect:  without  rosettes:  flowers  purplish.        S.  purpureum. 

Family  SAXIFRAGACEAE.     Saxifrage  Family. 
A  moderate-sized  family  including  many  perennial  herbs 


46  SAXIFRAGACEAE 

used  in  gardening;  the  source  of  gooseberries  and  garden 
"currants"  (real  currants  being  the  small  seedless  Corinthian 
grapes  often  used  in  pastry) ;  and  comprising  several  of  the 
most  showy  shrubs  employed  in  landscape  work. 

PHILADELPHUS.    "Syringa."    Mock  Orange. 

•Deciduous  shrubs  with  often  exfoliating  brown  bark; 
white  firm  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary 
rays;  moderate  or  slender  more  or  less  6-sided  twigs;  rounded 
or  6-sided  continuous  pith;  opposite  (exceptionally  in  whorls 
of  3)  raised  membranous  leaf-scars  usually  concealing  the 
buds,  with  3  prominent  bundle-traces;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with 
few  evident  scales;  lanceolate  or  ovate  petioled  mostly  remote- 
ly denticulate  or  toothed  simple  leaves;  rather  large  perfect 
polypetalous  white  or  creamy  stalked  flowers,  a  few  from  each 
upper  axil  or  subpanicled;  and  few-seeded  small  turbinate  in- 
ferior capsules  long  surmounted  by  the  calyx  segments. 

1.  Leaves  small  (scarcely  4  cm.  long).    2. 
Leaves  mostly  large  (over  5  cm.  long).     3. 

2.  Leaves  pubescent.  P.  hirsutus. 
Leaves  glabrate.                                                   X  P.  Lemoinei. 

3.  Bark  distinctly  and  early  flaking  away.     4. 

Bark  tardily  flaking:  flowers  scarcely  fragrant.     11. 

4.  Flowers  very  fragrant.     5. 

Flowers  not,  or  little,  fragrant,  white.     9. 

5.  Flowers  creamy.  (P.  coronarius).     6. 
Flowers  white.  (X  P.  Lemoinei).    8. 

6.  Leaves  green.    7. 

Leaves  yellow.  P.  coronarius  aureus. 

Leaves  pale-margined.  P.  coronarius  argenteo-marginatus. 

7.  Flowers  single.  P.  coronarius. 
Flowers  double.  P.  coronarius  flore  plena. 

8.  Flowers  single.  X  P.  Lemoinet. 
Flowers  double.  X  P.  Lemoinei  flore  plena. 

9.  Flowers  1-5  on  a  shoot.  10. 

Flowers  5-9  on  a  shoot.  X  P.  Zeyheri. 


SAXIFBAGACEAE  47 

10.  Flowers  and  leaves  rather  small.  P.  inodorus. 

Flowers  (50  mm.)  and  leaves  large.  P.  inodorus  grandiflorus. 

11.  Bark  brown:  calyx  glabrous.  P.  Lewisii. 
Bark  gray;  calyx  pubescent.     12. 

12.  Flowers  single.  P.  pubescens. 
Flowers  double.                                   P.  pubescens  flore  plena. 

DEUTZIA. 

Deciduous  shrubs,  sometimes  small,  with  monopodial 
branches  with  roundish  pale  spongy  or  excavated  pith;  oppo- 
site or  sometimes  whorled  moderately  small  buds  with  several 
exposed  scales;  low  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle- 
traces;  ovate  or  lanceolate  serrate  simple  leaves;  rather  small 
but  showy  white  or  rosy-tinted  perfect  polypetalous  flowers  in 
small  panicles;  and  several-celled  small  capsules  with  minute 
seeds. 

1.  Leaves  glabrate  beneath:  sepals  persistent.    2. 

Leaves   rough-stellate    on    both    faces:    pith   brown,    exca- 
vated.    8. 

2.  Flowers  in  racemes,  white.    3. 
Flowers  panicled.     4. 

3.  Leaves  green.  D.  gracilis. 
Leaves  yellow.                                                  D.  gracilis  aurea. 
Leaves  white-dotted.                     D.  gracilis  albo-marmorata. 

4.  Leaves1  scarcely  5  cm.  long:  buds  triangular-oblong.     5. 
Leaves  one-half  larger:  buds  ovoid.  X  D.  Lemoinei. 

5.  Flowers  white.  D.  rosea  multiflora. 
Flowers  more  or  less  rosy.    6. 

6.  Flowers  carmine  on  the  outside.  D.  rosea  carmlnea. 
Flowers  pinkish.    7. 

7.  Colored  within  and  without.  D.  rosea. 
White  within.                                                     D.  rosea  eximia. 

8.  Leaves  green.    9. 

Leaves  white-bloched  or  dotted.     12. 

9.  Flowers  white.     10. 
Flowers  rosy  without.     11. 

10.  Flowers  single.  D.  scabra. 

Flowers  double.  D.  scabra  candidissima. 


48  SAXIFBAGACEAE 

11.  Flowers  single.  D.  scabra  Watereri. 
Flowers  double.  D.  scabra  plena. 

12.  Leaves  blotched.  D.  scabra  marmorata. 
Leaves  white-dotted.  D.  scabra  punctata. 

DECUMARIA. 

Deciduous  woody  plants  climbing  by  aerial  roots,  with 
moderately  slender  more  or  less-  angled  or  compressed  twigs; 
angular  spongy  pith;  opposite  somewhat  raised  U-shaped  leaf 
scars  at  first  half-round  by  a  deciduous  membrane,  with  3 
bundle-traces;  no  stipule  scars;  conical  hairy  superposed  buds 
with  indistinct  scales;  moderately  large  ovate  petioled  leaves; 
small  perfect  polypetalous  white  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs; 
and  small  top-shaped  ribbed  capsules. 
Leaves  glabrous,  sometimes  serrate  above.  D.  barbara. 

SCHIZOPHRAGMA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  climbing  by  aerial  roots,  with  moderate- 
ly slender  terete  twigs;  round  continuous  pith;  opposite  low 
broadly  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no 
stipule-scars;  rather  large  petioled  leaves;  small  white  perfect 
polypetalous  flowers  in  broad  terminal  clusters  surrounded  by 
neutral  flowers  with  a  single  large  sepal;  and  small  inferior 
many-seeded  capsules. 
Leaves  round-ovate,  toothed.  S.  hydrangeoides. 

HYDRANGEA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  usually  sparingly  or  coarsely  branched, 
exceptionally  climbing  by  aerial  roots,  often  with  shredding 
bark,  with  nearly  terete  twigs;  relatively  large  round  homo- 
geneous pale  pith;  low  crescent-shaped  to  half-round  or  trian- 
gular leaf-scars,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  three,  with  3  or  in 
some  cases  5  or  7  bundle-traces  in  a  single  series;  no  stipule- 
scars;  oblong  solitary  subsessile  buds  usually  with  several 
pairs  of  scales;  rather  large  simple  toothed  or  lobed  stalked 
leaves;  small  perfect  polypetalous  flowers  in  compound  termi- 
nal clusters  often  surrounded  by  showy  sterile  ones;  and  small 
inferior  capsules. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE  49 

1.  Climbing  by  roots.  (Climbing  hydrangea),          H.  petiolaris. 
Not  climbing.     2. 

2.  Leaves  lobed.    (Oak-leaved  hydrangea).  H.  quercifolia. 
Leaves  not  lobed.    3. 

3.  Flower-clusters  pyramidal.   (Asiatic).  4. 
Flower-clusters  broad.   (Native).  6. 

4.  With  many  fertile  small  flowers.     5. 

Most  flowers  large  and  sterile.        H.  paniculata  grandiflora. 

5.  Flowering  in  late  summer.  H.  paniculata. 
Flowering  in  early  summer.  H.  paniculata  praecox. 

6.  Leaves  glabrous  beneath.     7. 
Leaves  pale-pubescent  beneath.    8. 

7.  With  many  fertile  flowers.  H.  arborescens. 
Most  flowers  sterile.  H.  arborescens  sterilis. 

8.  Leaves  thin,  grayish  beneath.  H.  cinerea. 
Leaves  firm,  white  beneath.  H.  radiata. 

FENDLERA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  slender  often  short  fluted  twigs; 
somewhat  angled  pale  homogeneous  pith;  opposite  raised  cre- 
nately  U-shaped  leaf-scars,  connected  by  transverse  lines,  with 
3  bundle  traces;  no  stipule-scars;  sessile  ovoid  buds  with  sev 
eral  indistinct  scales;  small  sessile  entire  leaves;  moderately 
small  perfect  polypetalous  white  flowers  terminating  the 
branchlets;  and  half-inferior  pointed  ovoid  many-seeded  cap- 
sules dehiscing  part-way  from  the  top. 
Leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  rough,  often  3-nerved.  F.  rupicola. 

JAMESIA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  flaking  bark;  rather  slender 
roundish  twigs;  rather  large  rounded  continuous  brownish 
pith;  opposite  low  narrow  U-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle- 
traces;  no  stipule-scars;  simple  rather  small  leaves  with  their 
dilated  petioles  meeting  around  the  stem;  perfect  polypetalous 
moderately  small  white  flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters; 
and  ovoid  beaked  small-seeded  inferior  capsules. 
Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  woolly  beneath.  J.  americana. 


50  HAMAMELIDACEAE 

RISES.     Currant.     Gooseberry. 

Deciduous  often  prickly  shrubs  with  soft  brownish  wood 
with  minute  ducts  in  more  or  less  evident  tangential  rows 
and  rather  heavy  medullary  rays;  terete  or  somewhat  angled 
moderate  twigs;  roundish  continuous  colored  pith;  alternate 
transverse  or  openly  U-shaped  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars  with 
3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  ovate  or  round  somewhat 
lobed  and  toothed  moderate  or  small  leaves;  small  perfect 
polypetalous  flowers,  with  cup-  or  salver-shaped  calyx,  cluster- 
ed or  racemed  from  the  axils;  and  small  inferior  several-seed- 
ed berries.  Because  they  harbor  the  Cronartium  stage  of  the 
blister-rust  (Peridermium)  of  pine,  most  species  of  Ribes  are 
viewed  with  disfavor,  and  their  importation  is1  prohibited  by 
many  States. 

1.  Leaves  with  prominent  sessile  resin-glands.     R.  americanum. 
Leaves  without  resin-glands.    2. 

2.  Leaves'  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base:   calyx-tube  long 

and  slender.     (Golden  currants).     3. 
Leaves  not  cuneate:   calyx-tube  shorter.     4. 

3.  Calyx-tube  twice  as  long  as  sepals.  -R.  odoratum. 
Calyx-tube  little  longer  than  sepals.  R.  aureum. 

4.  Prickly  at  least  at  the  nodes:  leaves  pubescent.     5. 
Stems  not  prickly:  leaves  glabrescent.    7. 

5.  Petioles  pubescent  and  also  with  gland-tipped  hairs: 

fruit  usually  prickly.  R.  Cynosbati. 

Petioles  gray-pubescent,  scarcely  glandular.     6. 

6.  Fruit  bristly.  R.  Grossularia. 
Fruit  neither  bristly  nor  prickly.               R.  oxyacanthoides. 

7.  Petiole  shorter  than  blade:  buds  glabrous.          R.  alpinum. 
Petiole  longer,  fimbriate:  buds  pubescent.  R.  vulgare. 

Family  HAMAMELIDACEAE.     Witch  Hazel  Family. 
A  small  family  including  such  trees  as  Liquidambar,  which 
yields  the  valuable  sweet-gum  lumber;  chiefly  shrubs. 

CORYLOPSIS. 
Deciduous  shrubs  with  slender  or  moderate  rounded  zig- 


HAMAMELIDACEAE  51 

zag  twigs;  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  2- 
ranked  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3 
separated  or  transversely  aggregated  bundle-traces;  elongated 
stipule-scars;  large  scaly  buds;  rather  large  ovate  stalked 
bristly-toothed  subpalmately  nerved  leaves;  racemed  perfect 
polypetalous  yellow  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves;  and 
partly  inferior  dry  fruit. 

Flowers  2  or  3  in  a  raceme.  C.  pauciflora. 

Flowers  about  8  in  a  raceme.  C.  spicata. 

HAMAMELIS.    Witch  Hazel. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  rather  slender  rounded  somewhat 
zig-zag  twigs;  somewhat  angular  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alter- 
nate 2-ranked  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped  or  half  round 
leaf -scars  with  1  aggregate  bundle-trace;  triangular  stipule- 
scars;  frequently  superposed  buds,  naked  or  the  lateral  stalked 
or  quickly  developing  into  small  clusters  of  globose  flower- 
buds;  rather  large  roundish  stalked  crenate  subpalmately 
nerved  leaves;  small  lateral  clusters  of  perfect  flowers  with 
long  fringe-like  distinct  yellow  petals;  and  ovoid  small  hard 
fruits,  2-lobed  with  notched  valves,  above  the  adherent  calyx- 
rim. 

1.  Leaves  tomentose  beneath.  H.  mollis. 
Leaves  not  tomentose.     2. 

2.  Flowering  in  autumn,  with  ripe  fruits.  H.  virginiana. 
Flowering  in  winter  or  spring.    3. 

3.  Calyx  attached  to  the  lower  half  of  fruit.  H.  vernalis. 
Calyx  attached  to  the  lower  third  of  fruit.     .     H.  japonica. 

FOTHERGILLA.    Dwarf  Alder. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  rather  slender  rounded  somewhat 
zig-zag  twigs;  somewhat  angular  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alter- 
nate 2-ranked  little-raised  half-round  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle- 
trace;  triangular  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with  a  pair 
of  stipular  scales;  rather  large  roundish  stalked  leaves  sub- 
palmately nerved,  and  toothed  above  the  middle;  small  perfect 
pale  flowers  in  terminal  spikes;  and  globose  small  hard  fruits, 


52  PLATANACEAE 

4-lobed  above  the  adherent  calyx-rim. 

1.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  glabrate.  F.  major. 
Leaves  merely  paler  green  beneath.    2. 

2.  Leaves  large  (50  mm.),  glabrate.  F.  monticola. 
Leaves  rather  small  (scarcely  25  mm.).    3. 

3.  Leaves  sparingly  stellate-hairy  above,  obovate.      F.  Gardeni. 
Leaves  downy  above,  ovate-cordate.  F.  parvifolia 

LIQUIDAMBAR.    Sweet  Gum. 

Deciduous  rather  large  resinous  trees  with  rather  hard 
light  brown  wood  with  very  numerous  minute  diffused  ducts 
and  crowded  fine  medullary  rays;  rather  stout  rounded  often 
corky  ridged  twigs;  angled  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate 
half-round  low  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  obscure  stipule- 
scars;  ovoid  solitary  glossy  buds  with  half-a-dozen  exposed 
scales,  frequently  becoming  stalked  or  developing  the  first  sea- 
son; rather  large  simple  palmately  nerved  and  lobed  long- 
stalked  leaves  frequently  clustered  on  spurs;  inconspicuous 
monoecious  apetalous  flowers,  the  staminate  in  racemed  head- 
like  clusters,  and  the  pistillate  in  a  long-stalked  head  becom- 
ing a  bur-like  aggregate  of  inferior  dry  beaked  capsules. 
Leaves  with  hairy  tufts  beneath.  L.  Styraciflua. 

Leaves  without  hairy  tufts.  L.  orientalis. 

Family  PLATANACEAE.  Sycamore  Family. 
A  small  family  comprising  a  single  genus  of  rather  few 
species,  the  common  button-ball  furnishing  the  characteristic 
wood  used  for  very  cheap  cigar-boxes:  much  planted  as  street 
trees, — the  oriental  plane  frequently  pollarded  into  an  umbrella 
form  in  Europe. 

PLATANUS.     Sycamore.     Buttonball. 

Deciduous  trees  with  exfoliating  bark  while  young;  light 
brown  rather  firm  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  close 
and  rather  thick  medullary  rays;  moderate  usually  elongated 
roundish  twigs;  roundish  continuous  browning  pith;  some- 
what raised  2-ranked  nearly  annular  crenulate  leaf-scars  en- 


ROSACEAE  53 

circling  the  ovoid  sessile  1-scaled  buds  and  with  about  7  bun- 
dle-traces; narrow  stipule-scars  encircling  the  node;  no  ter- 
minal bud;  broadly  ovate  mostly  palmately  3-  or  5-lobed  and 
coarsely  and  acutely  toothed  petioled  leaves;  and  small  mon- 
oecious flowers  and  very  small  dry  plumed  fruits  in  large  glo- 
bose long-stalked  aggregates. 

1.  Fruit  aggregates  solitary:   stipules  large-toothed.     2. 
Fruit  aggregates  usually  2.  P.  acerifolia. 
Fruit  aggregates  usually  3  or  4:  stipules  subentire.    5. 

2.  Tree  ovoid.    3. 

Tree  oblong.  P.  occidentalis  pyramidalis. 

3.  Leaves  green.  (Buttonball).  P.  occidentalis. 
Leaves  variegated.     4. 

4.  Leaves  white-blotched.  P.  occidentalis  Suttneri. 
Leaves  yellow-blotched.  P.  occidentalis  aureo-variegata. 

5.  Leaves  moderately  lobed.  (Plane  tree).               P.  orientalis. 
Leaves  deeply  lobed.  P.  orientalis  digitata. 

Family  ROSACEAE.     Rose  Family. 

A  large  and  very  heterogeneous  family  yielding  the  most 
important  fruits  of  temperate  regions,  e.  g.  strawberries,  rasp- 
berries, blackberries,  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  apricots, 
cherries:  including  many  shrubs  indispensable  in  landscape 
work. 

PHYSOCARPUS.     Ninebark. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  exfoliating  bark;  moderately  slen- 
der twigs  decurrently  angled  or  grooved  below  the  nodes; 
roundish  continuous  pith;  alternate  raised  often  3-lobed  leaf- 
scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  decurrent  stipule-scars;  ovoid  ses- 
sile rather  spreading  buds  with  about  5  exposed  scales:  ovate 
more  or  less  3-lobed  irregularly  crenately  toothed  petioled 
leaves;  rather  small  perfect  slender-stalked  polypetalous  white 
flowers  in  compact  round  clusters1  at  end  of  the  branches;  and 
dry  inflated  follicles,  mostly  3  to  a  flower.  (Opulaster). 
1.  High-growing.  2. 

Dwarf,  resembling  Ribes.  P.  opulifolius  nanus. 


64  ROSACEAE 

2.  Fruit  glabrous.     3. 
Fruit  pubescent.     4. 

3.  Leaves  green.  P.  opulifolius. 
Leaves  yellow.  P.  opulifolius  luteus. 

4.  Fruits  much  longer  than  the  sepals.  P.  intermedius. 
Fruits  little  longer  than  the  sepals.  P.  amurensis. 

STEPHANANDBA. 

Deciduous  low  shrubs  with  slender  terete  twigs;  round 
continuous  pith;  alternate  small  low  crescent-shaped  leaf -scars 
with  a  single  compound  bundle-trace;  transverse  stipule-scars; 
sessile  ovoid  often  superposed  buds  with  several  exposed  scales; 
ovate  petioled  lobed  or  toothed  leaves;  small  perfect  polypeta- 
lous  white  flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  and  small  1-  or  2- 
seeded  capsules,  dehiscent  below. 

Leaves  rather  small  (about  3  cm.),  deeply  lobed.          S.  incisa. 
Leaves  larger  (often  7  cm.).  S.  Tanakae. 

SPIBAEA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  of  small  size  or  with  slender  wand-like 
usually  somewhat  5-angled  branches,  with  roundish  pale  con- 
tinuous pith;  5-ranked  often  pointed  divergent  buds  with  sev- 
eral scales;  small  crescent-shaped  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars 
with  a  single  bundle-trace;  mostly  lanceolate  serrate  occasion- 
ally linear  and  entire  or  broad  and  sometimes  lobed  small 
leaves  often  pale  beneath;  small  white  or  rosy  perfect  poly- 
petalous  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  forming  elongated 
panicles  or  compound  corymbs;  and  a  number  of  small  usually 
glabrous  follicles  in  each  persistent  calyx. 

1.  Leaves  linear,  (scarcely  5  mm.  wide).  S.  Thunbergii. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate.    2. 

Leaves  ovate  or  rounded.    9. 

2.  Leaves  small  (scarcely  10  X  30  mm.),  1-nerved.    X  S.  arguta. 
Leaves  distinctly  larger,  veiny.    3. 

3.  Leaves  rhombic-lanceolate.  X   S.  cantoniensis. 
Leaves  not  rhombic.     4. 


ROSACEAE  55 

4.  Flowers  in  flat  corymbs,  often  pink.  X  S.  Bumalda. 
Flowers  in  elongated  panicles.    5. 

5.  Tomentose  below:   flowers  pink.     6. 

Stems  and  foliage  glabrous:  flowers  nearly  white.    8. 

6.  Fruit  glabrous.     7. 

Fruit  pubescent.   (Steeple  bush).  S.  tomentosa. 

7.  Leaves  acute  at  both  ends.  X  S.  Billardieri. 
Leaves  blunt  at  both  ends.  S.  Douglasii. 

8.  Twigs  yellow-brown:  inflorescence  woolly.        S.  salicifolia. 
Twigs  reddish-brown:  inflorescence  glabrate.      S.  latifolia. 

9.  Pubescent:  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  serrulate.     10. 
Glabrate.     11. 

10.  Flowers  single.   (Bridal  wreath).  S.  prunifolia. 
Flowers  double.  S.  prunifolia  plena. 

11.  Leaves  serrate.    12. 
Leaves  often  lobed.     13. 

12.  Leaves  ovate.  X  S.  multiflora. 
Leaves  obovate.  S.  chamaedryfolia. 

13.  Leaves  very  obtuse.  S.  trilobata. 
Leaves  often  rather  acute.  X  S.  Vanhouttei. 

NEVIUSIA.    Snow  Wreath. 

Deciduous  small  shrubs  with  slender  twigs  3-lined  below 
the  nodes;  round  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  raised  small 
half-round  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule- 
scars;  sessile  ovoid  buds  with  about  8  exposed  scales;  rather 
small  petioled  leaves;  slender-stalked  dioecious  apetalous 
flowers  with  elongated  white  stamens,  at  ends  of  the  branches; 
and  several  somewhat  fleshy  pubescent  follicles  to  each  per- 
sistent calyx. 

Leaves  ovate,  doubly  serrate.  N.  alabamensis. 

SORBARIA. 

Deciduous  small  shrubs  with  slender  terete  twigs;  rela- 
tively large  continuous  roundish  brownish  pith;  alternate  lit- 
tle raised  broadly  triangular  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces; 
no  stipule  scars;  ovoid  buds  somewhat  contracted  at  base,  with 
several  scales;  odd  pinnate  leaves  with  serrate  leaflets;  perfect 


56  ROSACEAE 

moderately  small  polypetalous  white  flowers  in  ample  panicles, 
and  small  oblong  capsules  dehiscent  at  top.  (Spiraea). 
Leaves  with  rather  large  leaflets.  S.  sorbifolia. 

CHAMAEBATIAEIA. 

Deciduous    small   glandular-pubescent   shrubs    resembling 
Sorbaria  but  with  decompound  fern-like  foliage. 
Leaves  bipinnate,  with  minute  leaflets.  C.  Millefolium. 

PYRUS.    Pear.    Apple. 

Deciduous  trees  or  shrubs  with  hard  mostly  reddish-brown 
wood  with  minute  scattered  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays; 
moderately  slender  terete  twigs  sometimes  dwarfed  or  pungent; 
roundish  continuous  pale  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  nar- 
rowly crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  scarcely 
evident  if  any  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with  several 
often  gland-tipped  scales;  ovate  to  lanceolate  entire  or  serrate 
or  lobed  petioled  leaves;  rather  large  white  or  pink  perfect 
polypetalous  epigynous  flowers  clustered  on  the  spurs;  and 
few-seeded  apple-  or  pear-like  fruit  with  papery  core.  The 
apples  are  often  segregated  under  the  genus  Mains. 

1.  Leaves  glabrate.     2. 

Leaves  markedly  hairy  or  woolly  beneath.     5. 

2.  Leaves  entire  or  finely  serrate,  ovate.  (Pear).  P.  communis. 
Leaves  toothed  or  rarely  lobed.     3. 

3.  Leaves  long-pointed,  P.  serotina  culta. 
Leaves  at  most  acute.     4. 

4.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate.  P.  angustifolia. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate.  P.  spectabilis. 

5.  Leaves  toothed  but  scarcely  lobed.    6. 
Leaves  often  distinctly  lobed.     12. 

6.  Usually  seen  as  shrubs.    7. 
Trees.    8. 

7.  Calyx  absent  from  the  ripe  fruit.  P.  pulcherrima. 
Calyx  persistent  on  the  fruit.                  P.  prunifolia  Rinki. 

8.  Fruit  very  small  (scarcely  20  mm.).    9. 
Fruit  distinctly  larger.     10. 


ROSACEAE  57 

9.  Calyx  often  persistent  on  the  fruit.  P.  micromalus. 

Calyx  absent  from  fruit.   (Siberian  crab).  P.  baccata. 

10.  Calyx  commonly  absent.  (Orchard  crab) .  P.  baccata XMalus. 
Calyx  persistent  on  the  fruit.    11. 

11.  Leaves  rarely  if  at  all  lobei.   ( (Apple) .  P.  Malus. 
Leaves  slightly  crenately  lobed.                       X  P.  Soulardi. 

12.  Calyx  persistent  on  the  fruit.  (American  crab  apples).    13. 
Calyx  absent  from  the  fruit.    Asiatic.  P.  Sieboldii. 

13.  Leaves  rather  hastately  lobed:  twigs  glabrate.  P.  ceronaria. 
Leaves  not  hastate:  twigs  more  woolly.    14. 

14.  Flowers  single.     (Western  crab).  P.  ioensis. 
Flowers  double.     (Bechtel  crab).                 P.- ioensis  plena. 

ARONIA.     Chokeberry. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  rather  slender  subterete  branches 
with  roundish  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  appressed  solitary 
ovoid  or  oblong  buds  with  about  3  exposed  scales;  rather 
lanceolate  moderate  serrate  leaves  with  slender  black  glands 
on  the  midrib  above;  small  low  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with 
3  bundle-traces;  rather  small  cymose  perfect  polypetalous  epi- 
gynous  flowers;  and  small  red  or  black  berry-like  pomes. 

1.  Leaves  glabrate:   fruit  black.  A.  melanocarpa. 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath.     2. 

2.  Fruit  black-purple.  A.  atropurpurea. 
Fruit  red.  A.  arbutifolia. 

SORBUS.  Mountain  Ash.  Rowan  Tree. 
Deciduous  small  trees  with  rather  soft  pale  or  brown  wood 
with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate 
or  rather  stout  terete  twigs;  somewhat  angled  rather  large 
pith;  alternate  narrowly  crescent-shaped  of  transverse  some- 
what raised  leaf-scars  with  about  5  bundle-traces;  no  stipule- 
scars;  large  appressed  sessile  buds  with  several  scales;  alter 
nate  odd-pinnate  or  simple  petioled  leaves  with  serrate  blade 
or  leaflets;  perfect  small  polypetalous  epigynous  white  flowers 
in  compound  terminal  corymbs;  and  small  red  or  orange  berry- 
like  pomes. 


58  ROSACEAE 

1.  Many  leaves  compound.     2. 

I/eaves  all  simple.  S.  Aria, 

2.  Leaves  pinnate  throughout.    3. 

Upper  part  of  leaves  not  pinnate.  X  S.  hybrida. 

3.  Buds  silky,  not  glutinous.  (European).  S.  Aucuparia. 
Buds  very  glutinous.     (American).                      S.  americana. 

CHAENOMELES.     Japanese  Quince. 

Deciduous  firm-leaved  shrubs,  with  typically  axillary 
spines;  with  roundish  rather  slender  twigs;  irregular  rounded 
homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  raised  crescent-shaped  small 
leaf -scars  with  3  sometimes  compound  bundle-traces;  small 
stipule-scars;  ovoid  small  solitary  sessile  buds  with  about  2  ex- 
posed scales;  crenulate  to  serrate  moderate-sized  short-stalked 
leaves;  rather  large  solitary  deep  red  to  pure  white  perfect 
epigynous  polypetalous  flowers;  and  large  fragrant  many- 
seeded  orange  pomes. — Often  placed  under  Cydonia. 

1.  Stipules  large  and  leaf-like.    2. 

Stipules  small.  C.  sinensis. 

2.  Leaves  pubescent  when  young.  C.  cathayensis. 
Leaves  glabrous.  3. 

3.  Twigs  glabrate:  leaves  sharply  serrate.  C.  japonica. 
Twigs  hairy  when  young:  leaves  crenate.  C.  Maulei. 

CYDONIA.     Quince. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  very  small  trees  with  light  brown 
firm  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays; 
rounded  twigs;  small  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alter- 
nate raised  crescent-shaped  3-lobed  small  leaf-scars  with  3 
bundle-traces;  no  stipule  scars;  simple  entire  stalked  moder- 
ately large  leaves;  rather  large  perfect  epigynous  polypetalous 
whitish  flowers  solitary  at  ends  of  the  branches;  and  large 
firm  aromatic  few-seeded  pomes. 

1.  Leaves  not  variegated.    2. 

Leaves  mottled.  C.  oblonga  marmorata. 

2.  Round-  topped.     (Common  quince).  C.  oblonga. 
Conical.                                                      C.  oblonga  pyramidalis. 


ROSACEAE  59 

PHOTINIA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  hard  wood  with  minute  diffused 
ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slender  roundish  twigs; 
crenate  continuous  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  transverse 
or  crescent-shaped  leaf:scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule- 
scars;  sessile  ovoid  pointed  buds  with  several  exposed  scales; 
rather  small  finely  serrate  short-petioled  lance-oblong  leaves; 
small  perfect  polypetalous  epigynous  white  flowers  in  corymb- 
like  clusters  terminating  the  spurs;  and  1-  to  2-seeded  some- 
what elongated  small  red  pomes  bearing  the  sepals  somewhat 
below  the  top,  the  fruit-stalks  with  very  large  lenticels. 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath.  P.  villosa. 

Leaves  glabrescent.  P.  villosa  laevis. 

COTONEASTER. 

Mostly  deciduous  shrubs  with  hard  light  brown  wood  with 
minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender  round- 
ed twigs;  angular  homogeneous  small  pale  pith;  alternate 
somewhat  raised  small  transverse  leaf-scars  with  1  or  3  bun- 
dle-traces; narrow  stipule-scars  or  persistent  stipules;  solitary 
oblong  sessile  buds  with  about  4  exposed  scales;  simple  entire 
stalked  leaves;  small  perfect  epigynous  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbs;  and  small  berry-like  pomes  with  incurved  sepals. 

1.  Leaves  very  small  (1cm.):  evergreen:  prostrate.  2. 
Leaves  distinctly  larger.     3. 

2.  Green  and  glabrate.  C.  Dammeri. 
White-pubescent  beneath.                                   C.  microphylla. 

3.  Leaves  1.5-3  cm.  long:  fruit  red  or  orange.     4. 
Leaves  3-4  cm.  long,  usually  tomentose  beneath.    9. 
Leaves  4-7  cm.  long:  fruit  black.  C.  foveolata. 
Leaves  6-10  cm.  long:  fruit  red.  C.  bullata. 

4.  Leaves  half-evergreen.  C.  Simonsii. 
Leaves  promptly  deciduous.     5. 

5.  Fruit  orange.  C.  Franchetii. 
Fruit  red.     6. 

6.  Fruit  oblong,  10  mm.  long.  C.  divaricata. 
Fruit  subglobose.     7. 


60  ROSACEAE 

7.  Leaves  very  tomentose  beneath.    8. 

Leaves  more  sparsely  hairy.  C.  hupehensis. 

8.  Leaves  rather  blunt  at  both  ends.  C.  Zabelii. 
Leaves  rather  acute  at  both  ends.                        C.  Dielsiana. 

9.  Fruit  red.     10. 
Fruit  black.     11. 

10.  Leaf  tomentum  rather  dense.  C.  tomentosa. 
Leaf  tomentum  rather  sparse.  C.  integerrima. 

11.  Fruit  not  glaucous.  C.  acutifolia. 
Fruit  very  glaucous.  C.  melanocarpa. 

AMELANCHIER.     Shadbush. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  usually  rather  small,  with  smooth  bark; 
reddish  brown  hard  wood  with  minute  ducts,  more  crowded  in 
spring,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender  nearly  terete  twigs; 
somewhat  5-sided  pale  continuous  pith;  alternate  sometimes  2- 
ranked  low  crescent-shaped  leaf -scars  with  3  bundle-traces; 
no  stipule-scars;  appressed  elongated  acute  buds  with  about  5 
exposed  scales;  moderate  serrate  petioled  leaves;  moderate 
perfect  polypetalous  epigynous  white  flowers;  and  small  berry- 
like  purple  pomes. 

1.  Leaves  always  glabrous,  closely  serrate.  A.  laevis. 
Leaves  for  a  time  woolly  beneath.    2. 

2.  Leaves  closely  serrate  (teeth  10  to  1  cm.).      A.  canadensis. 
Leaves  more  distantly  toothed  (teeth  5  to  1  cm.).    3. 

3.  Leaves  rather  acute,  persistently  tomentose,     A.  sanguinea. 
Leaves  very  obtuse,  quickly  glabrous.  A.  alnifolia. 

CRATAEGUS.     Haw.    Red  Haw. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  usually  with  axillary 
spines;  hard  usually  brownish  wood  with  very  minute  diffused 
ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rounded  twigs;  somewhat  an- 
gular homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  not  raised  crescent- 
shaped  small  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  round-ovoid 
solitary  sessile  buds  with  several  fleshy  often  red  scales;  sim- 
ple usually  toothed  or  lobed  stalked  leaves  frequently  clustered 
on  spurs;  moderate  perfect  epigynous  white  or  rosy  flowers 


ROSACEAE  61 

usually  in  terminal  corymbs;  and  small  apple-like  fruits  with 
bony  core. — A  hopelessly  complex  genus:  the  following  com- 
mon. 

1.  Leaves  spatulate  or  cuneate-obovate  rarely  large  or  lobed.  2. 
Leaves  elliptical  or  obovate.    4. 

Leaves  round  or  ovate.     6. 

2.  Leaves  glabrous,  glossy  above:  spines  long.       C.  Crus-galli. 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath.     3. 

3.  Leaves  dull,  with  strong  veins.  C.  punctata. 
Leaves  glossy  above,  fruit  often  downy.            C.  tomentosa. 

4.  Spines  curved:  nutlets  with  concave  sides.  C.  macracantha. 
Spines  straight:  nutlets  with  flat  sides.     5. 

5.  Spines  long:  leaves  rather  thin  and  dull.          C.  tomentosa. 
Spines  short:  leaves  rather  firm  or  glossy.  C.  viridis. 

6.  Leaves  deeply  lobed.    7. 

Leaves  at  most  shallow-lobed.    21. 

7.  Veins  running  from  midrib  both  to  sinuses  and  lobes.    8. 
Veins  running  from  midrib  to  lobes  only.  C.  Phaenopyrum. 

8.  Style  one.     9. 

Styles  two  or  three.     19. 

9.  Spiny.    10. 

Unarmed.  C.  monogyna  inermis. 

10.  Leaves  moderately  lobed.    11. 

Leaves  incised.  C.  monogyna  laciniata. 

11.  Shrubby,  ever-blooming.  C.  monogyna  sernperflorens. 
Tree-like.     12. 

12.  Somewhat  fastigiate.  C.  monogyna  stricta. 
Not  fastigiate.    13. 

13.  Flowers  white.     14. 
Flowers  rosy  or  red.     15. 

14.  Flowers  single.  (Hawthorn).  C.  monogyna. 
Flowers  double.                                  C.  monogyna  albo-plena. 

15.  Somewhat  weeping.  C.  monogyna  rosea  pendula. 
Not  weeping.    16. 

16.  Flowers  single.    17. 

Flowers  double.  C.  monogyna  rubro-plena. 


62  ROSACEAE 

17.  Flowers  white  at  center.  C.  monogyna  rosea. 
Flowers  colored  throughout.                C.  monogyna  punicea. 

18.  Flowers  white.     19. 
Flowers  rosy  or  red.     20. 

19.  Fruit  bright  red.     (Hawthorn).  C.  Oxyacantha. 
Fruit  yellow.                                             C.  Oxyacantha  aurea. 

20.  Flowers  single,  white  at  center.          C.  Oxyacantha  bicolor. 
Flowers  double,  red  throughout.          C.  Oxyacantha  Paulii. 

21.  Leaves  scarcely  longer  than  broad.  C.  rotundifolia. 
Leaves  distinctly  longer  than  broad.    22. 

22.  Leaves  large,  softly  hairy  beneath.     23. 

Leaves  glabrate.  C.  pruinosa. 

23.  Armed.  C.  mollis. 
Spineless.                                                         C.  mollis  inermis. 

PYEACANTHA.    Firethorn. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  hard  brownish  wood  with  numer- 
ous minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender 
somewhat  fluted  twigs  often  forming  spurs  or  transformed  into 
spines;  small  continuous  pith;  alternate  slightly-raised  cres- 
cent-shaped leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  scarcely  evident 
stipule-scars;  sessile  ovoid  pointed  appressed  buds  with  several 
exposed  scales;  rather  small  lanceolate  slender-petioled  leaves; 
small  perfect  corymbed  polypetalous  epigynous  white  flowers; 
and  small  typically  red  pomes  with  2-seeded  bony  core-cavities. 
— Often  placed  in  Crataegus. 

Leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  low-crenate.  P.  coccinea. 

RHODOTYPOS. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  slender  terete  twigs;  relatively 
large  round  continuous  white  pith;  opposite  somewhat  raised 
triangular  or  3-lobed  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  minute 
stipule-scars  or  stipule  remnants;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with  some 
3  pairs  of  exposed  scales;  large  thin  wrinkled  petioled  leaves; 
few  relatively  large  perfect  polypetalous  perigynous  white 
flowers  ending  the  branches;  and  fruit  of  about  5  black  drupes  in 
each  enlarged  calyx.  The  buds  are  often  collaterally  multiplied. 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  s'errate.  R.  kerrioides. 


ROSACEAE  63 

KERRIA.    "Corchorus." 

Rather  small  deciduous  shrubs  with  slender  angled  green 
twigs  freely  branching  the  first  season;  rounded  homogeneous 
pale  pith;  alternate  2-ranked  somewhat  raised  triangular  or 
transverse  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  small  stipule-scars; 
solitary  sessile  ovoid  appressed  buds  with  four  or  five  rather 
loose  ciliate  scales;  simple,  doubly  toothed  moderately  large 
short-stalked  leaves;  perfect  rather  large  perigynous  yellow 
flowers  ending,  the  branches;  and  several  small  akenes  in  each 
persistent  calyx. 

1.  Unvariegated.     2. 
Variegated.     3. 

2.  Flowers  single.  K.  japonica. 
Flowers  double.                                        K.  japonica  flore-pleno. 

3.  Twigs  striped  with  yellow.  K.  japonica  vittato-ramosa. 
Twigs  green.     4. 

4.  Leaves  striped  with  yellow.  K.  japonica  aureo-vittata. 
Leaves  edged  with  white.        K.  japonica  argenteo-variegata. 

EXOCHOHDA.     Pearl  Bush. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  exfoliating  bark;  brownish  wood 
with  minute  diffused  ducts,  somewhat  more  crowded  in  spring, 
and  fine  medullary  rays;  moderately  slender  terete  twigs; 
round  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  slightly  raised  cres- 
cent-shaped leaf-scars  with  3  bundle- traces ;  no  stipule  scars; 
oblong  ovoid  sessile  solitary  erect  buds,  with  about  8  exposed 
scales;  moderate  simple  entire  or  few-toothed  rather  short- 
stalked  nearly  elliptical  leaves,  whitened  beneath;  rather 
large  perfect  polypetalous  perigynous  green-centered  white 
flowers  clustered  at  ends  of  the  branches;  and  small  star- 
shaped  bony  fruits. 

Fruit  depressed,  7-8  mm.  long.  E.  grandiflora. 

Fruit  obovoid,  12  mm.  long.  E.  Alberti. 

SlBBALDIA. 

Small  matted  perennials,  woody  only  at  base,  with  palmate 
trifoliolate  long-petioled  basal  leaves;  small  perfect  polypeta- 


64  ROSACEAE 

lous  yellow  flowers  in  stalked  corymbose  clusters;  and  several 

akenes  in  each  persistent  calyx. 

Leaflets  cuneate,  crenately  toothed  at  end.  S.  procumbens. 

POTENTILLA.     Cinquefoil. 

Usually  perennial  herbs;  a  few  deciduous  shrubs  with 
brownish  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts,  somewhat  more 
sparse  in  summer,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  somewhat  angular 
brown  continuous  pith;  alternate  minute  round  raised  leaf- 
scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace,  flanked  by  persistent  stipules; 
small  ovoid  buds;  compound  leaves  with  several  rather  small 
leaflets;  perfect  open  usually  yellow  polypetalous  perigynous 
flowers  with  bractlets  on  the  calyx;  and  numerous  small 
akenes. 

Leaves  pinnate:   leaflets  linear,  entire.  P.  fruticosa. 

Leaves  palmate:  leaflets  3,  notched  at  end.  P.  tridentata. 

DRYAS. 

Small  matted  trailing  woody  evergreens  with  rather  small 
alternate  slender-stalked  simple  leaves,  white-woolly  beneath; 
rather  large  perfect  open  polypetalous  perigynous  flowers  sol- 
itary at  ends  of  long  erect  stalks;  and  large  clusters  of  long 
feathery-tailed  akenes. 

1.  Leaves  entire.  D.  integrifolia. 
Leaves  crenately  serrate.     2. 

2.  Flowers  white:  sepals  narrow.  D.  octopetala. 
Flowers  yellow:   sepals  ovate.                        D.  Drummondii. 

RUBUS.     Bramble. 

Tardily  deciduous  mostly  prickly  shrubs  with  moderately 
slender  more  or  less  angular  twigs;  continuous  pith  of  corre- 
sponding shape;  alternate  raised  torn  petiole-bases  rather  than 
distinct  leaf -scars;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sometimes  super- 
posed buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  simple  or  mostly  com- 
pound often  toothed  petioled  leaves;  conspicuous  perfect  usual- 
ly clustered  polypetalous  perigynous  flowers;  and  small  drupe- 
like  fruits  in  a  cluster  which  breaks  away  from  each  persistent 
calyx  with  the  end  of  the  receptacle  (blackberries),  or  separ- 


ROSA.CEAE  65 

ates  from  this,  thimble-like  (raspberries). 

1.  Leaves  simple:  bark  shredding:  branches  bristly, 

without  prickles.  (Flowering  raspberries).    2. 
Leaves  compound:  bark  not  shredding.    4. 

2.  Flowers  white.     3. 

Flowers  magenta.  R.  odoratus. 

3.  Flowers  usually  solitary.  R.  deliciosus. 
Flowers  usually  several  in  a  cluster.               R.  parviflorus. 

4.  Leaflets  5-15,  distinctly  pinnate.     (Flowering  brambles).    5. 
Leaflets  3-5,  mostly  nearly  or  quite  palmate.     6. 

5.  Flowers  single.  R.  rosaefolius. 
Flowers  double.                                  R.  rosaefolius  coronarius. 

6.  Leaves  white  beneath:  fruit  thimble-like.  (Raspberries).  7. 
Leaves  not  usually  white:  fruit  solid.     11. 

7.  Stems  with  glandular  hairs.    (Wine  b.).    R.  phoenicolasius. 
Stems  not  red-hairy.     8. 

8.  Stems  with  bristles  and  also  somewhat  prickly.     9. 
Stems  prickly  but  scarcely  bristly.     10. 

9.  Fruit  red.  R.  strigosus. 
Fruit  amber.                                                    R.  strigosus  albus. 

10.  Fruit  black.   (Blackcap).  R.  occidentalis. 
Fruit  amber.                                         R.  occidentalis  pallidus. 

11.  Erect  or  ascending.   (Blackberries).     12. 
With  many  trailing  stems.  (Dewberries).     16. 

12.  Leaflets  not  laciniate.    13. 

Leaflets  deeply  cut.  R.  laciniatus. 

13.  Leaflets  narrow,  glabrous:  prickles  few.  R.  amabilis. 
Leaflets  broad,  somewhat  hairy:  prickles  many.     14. 

14.  Flowers  in  elongated  clusters:  pedicels  with  many 

dark  glandular  hairs,  and  rather  short-villous.     15. 
Flowers  fewer:  pedicels  long-villous,  glandless  or 

with  pale  glands.  R.  argutus. 

15.  Fruit  black.  R.  allegheniensis. 
Fruit  amber.                                       R.  allegheniensis  albinus. 

16.  Flowers  moderate  (about  25  mm.).  R.  procumbens. 
Flowers  large   (30  mm.).              R.  procumbens  roribaccus. 


66  KOSACEAE 

ROSA.    Rose. 

Mostly  deciduous  and  prickly  shrubs,  sometimes  trailing 
or  scrambling  to  a  considerable  height,  with  rather  soft  wood 
with  small  diffused  ducts,  the  first  in  the  spring  somewhat  lar- 
ger, and  relatively  coarse  medullary  rays;  moderately  stout 
usually  large  and  green  terete  twigs;  rounded  continuous  pith; 
alternate  low  openly  U-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces; 
no  stipule-scars:  ovoid  sessile  buds  with  several  exposed  scales; 
odd-pinnate  leaves  with  dilated  stipule-bearing  petioles;  large 
perfect  usually  rosy  or  white  polypetalous  perigynous  flowers, 
mostly  clustered  at  ends  of  the  branches;  and  fleshy  ovoid 
fruiting  receptacle  (hypanthium)  enclosing  a  number  of  large 
hairy  akenes.  Too  large  and  complex  a  genus  for  satisfactory 
brief  analysis:  only  a  very  few  of  the  most  striking  types  are 
noted. 

1.  Evergreen.    2. 
Deciduous.     3. 

2.  Glabrate,  trailing.     (Memorial  rose).          R.  Wichuraiana. 
Hairy,  scrambling,  horrid.    (Macartney  rose) .     R.  bracteata. 

3.  Climbing  or  forming  fountain-like  masses.    4. 
Bushy.  6. 

4.  Leaflets  about  7:  flowers  small,  in  spring.    5. 

Leaflets  5:  flowers  in  summer.  (Prairie  rose).    R.  setigera. 

5.  Fowers  white,  early.    (Polyantha  rose).  R.  multiflora. 
Flowers  red  or  pink,  in  dense  clusters,  later. 

(Ramblers).  R.  multiflora  platyphylla. 

6.  Flowers  as  in  the  last,  through  the  season. 

(Baby  rambler).  R.  multiflora  platyphylla  nana. 

Flowers  large  or  not  in  dense  clusters.    7. 

7.  Foliage  not  strongly  scented.    10. 

Foliage  heavy-scented,  with  bristly  glands:  flowers 

double.    8. 
Foliage  aromatic,  not  bristly:  flowers  single. 

(Sweetbriers).  R.  rubiginosa. 

8.  Prickles  uniform:  teeth  of  leaflets  glandless. 

(Damask  rose).  R.  damascena. 

Prickles  very  unequal:  teeth  glandularly  toothed.     9. 


ROSACEAE  67 

9.  Calyx  "mossy".  (Moss  roses).  R.  centifolia  muscosa. 

Flowers  not  "mossy".  (Cabbage  roses).  R.  centifolia. 

10.  Flowers  double.  (Tea  roses).  R.  odorata. 
Flowers  single.     11. 

11.  Leaves  very  rugose.  R.  rugosa. 
Leaves  not  rugose.    12. 

12.  Flowers  yellow,  early.  (Yellow  rose).  R.  foetida. 
Flowers  pink:  stem  and  foliage  pinkish.  R.  rubrifolia. 

PBUNUS.    Plum.    Cherry,    etc. 

Deciduous  or  exceptionally  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with 
hard  usually  reddish  wood  with  scattered  ducts,  the  first  of  the 
year  sometimes  slightly  larger  and  forming  a  ring  of  a  single 
series,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slender  terete  twigs 
sometimes  transformed  into  or  ending  in  spines;  rounded  con- 
tinuous pale  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped 
or  half-round  leaf -scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  minute  often  in- 
distinct stipule-scars;  triangular  or  ovoid  sessile  buds,  the 
terminal  wanting  in  some  groups,  with  several  often  denticu- 
late exposed  scales;  chiefly  lanceolate  serrate  petioled  leaves; 
moderately  small  white  perfect  polypetalous  perigynous  flowers 
in  axillary  tufts  or  racemes ;  and  various-sized  1-seeded  drupes. 

1.  With  scar  left  by  terminal  bud,  in  autumn.     2. 
With  terminal  bud  present.     10. 

2.  Buds  round-ovoid,  scarcely  longer  than  thick.     3. 
Buds  ovoid-conical,  distinctly  elongated.  (Plum).    9. 

3.  Leaves  round-ovate,  firm,  glabrous:  buds  dark,  with 

ciliate  scales.   (Apricot).  P.  Armeniaca. 

Leaves  distinctly  longer  than  broad.   (Plum).     4. 

4.  Buds  puberulent,  dark  red.  P.  domestica. 
Buds  glabrous.     5. 

5.  Scales  red-brown,  ciliate:  leaves  small.        P.  angustifolia. 
Bud-scales  brown,  not  ciliate.     6. 

6.  Buds1  obtuse:  petiole  with  nectar-glands.          P.  hortulana. 
Buds  often  acute:  petiole  wihout  glands,    1, 


68  ROSACEAE 

7.  Leaves  green.     8. 

Leaves  purple.  P.  cerasifera  Pissardii. 

8.  Flowers  single.  P.  cerasifera. 
Flowers  double.                            P.  cerasifera  Plantieriensis: 

9.  Buds  red-brown,  short  (3-4  mm.).  P.  americana. 
Buds  blackish  or  gray,  long  (4-5  mm.).  P.  nigra. 

10.  Buds  before  branching  round-ovoid.     11. 
Buds  distinctly  elongated.     21. 

11.  Fruit  hairy,  breaking  away  without  a  stalk. 

(Amygdalus).     12. 
Fruit  glabrous  or  with  a  stalk.     17. 

12.  Fruit  with  dry  flesh,  splitting.   (Almond).     14. 
Fruit  succulent.   (Peach).     13. 

13.  Flowers  single.  P.  Persica. 
Flowers  double.                                                P.  Persica  plena. 

14.  Tree,  with  green  or  red  twigs.  P.  communis. 
Shrubs.     15. 

15.  Bud-scales  ciliate:  leaves  broad,  often  3-lobed.      P.  triloba. 
Bud-scales  not  ciliate:   leaves  narrow.     16. 

16.  Flowers  single.  P.  japonica. 
Flowers  double.                                              P.  japonica  plena. 

17.  Fruit  breaking  from  stalk.  (Nectarine).   P.  Persica  laevis. 
Fruit  with  stalk:   stone  smooth.  (Cherries).     18. 

18.  Leaves  whitish,  revolute:  twigs  often  red.     19. 
Leaves  green,  not  revolute.    20. 

19.  Leaves  ascending.  (Sand  cherry)..  P.  pumila. 
Leaves  spreading.                                                       P.  Besseyi. 

20.  Leaves  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  glabrous.  P.  Mahaleb. 
Leaves  equally  broad:  villous.                            P.  tomentosa. 
Leaves  distinctly  elongated.                           P.  pennsylvanica. 

21.  Flowers  and  fruit  in  umbels.   (Cherries).  22. 
Flowers  and  fruit  in  racemes.  (Bird-cherries).    24. 

22.  Trees  percurrent:  leaves1  rather  drooping.     23. 

Tree  deliquescent:   leaves  spreading.  P.  Cerasus. 

23.  Young  leaves  hairy.  (Sweet  cherry).  P.  avium. 
Young  leaves  glabrate.                                          P.  serrulata. 


LEGUMINOSAE  69 

24.  Leaves  with  incurved  teeth:  buds  brown.  P.  serotina. 
Leaves  with  spreading  teeth,  relatively  short.    25. 

25.  Buds  brown:  flowers  rather  large  (15  mm.).          P.  Padus. 
Buds  straw-colored:  flowers  small  (10  mm.).  P.  virginiana. 

Family  LEGUMINOSAE.  Pea  Family. 
A  very  large  and  heterogeneous  widespread  family  com- 
prising some  of  the  most  valuable  plants-  of  farm  and  garden, 
the  sweet  pea  of  florists,  and  many  of  the  most  useful  plant 
materials  of  landscape  gardeners,  and  producing  some  of  the 
most  costly  tropical  cabinet  woods.  Through  their  power  of 
fixing  atmospheric  nitrogen,  even  weeds  of  this  family  enrich 
poor  soil. 

GYMNOCLADUS.  Kentucky  Coffee  Tree. 
Deciduous  large  rough-barked  trees  with  hard  pinkish 
wood  with  rather  large  crowded  ducts  in  spring,  those  of  au- 
tumn reduced  in  size  and  number  and  in  a  wavy  transverse 
pattern,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  stout  round  twigs  with  large 
chocolate-colored  continuous  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised 
large  bluntly  heart-shaped  leaf-£iears  with  about  5  bundle-traces; 
small  if  any  stipule  scars;  round  indistinctly  scaly  superposed 
buds  sunken  in  ciliate  craters,  the  end-bud  absent;  large,  ab- 
ruptly pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves'  with  entire  leaflets;  often 
imperfect  pale  polypetalous  regular  flowers  with  tubular  calyx, 
in  terminal  panicles;  and  large  thick-walled  legumes  with 
large  brown  seeds. 
Base  of  leaves  once  pinnate:  leaflets  bristle-pointed  G.  dioica. 

GLEDITSIA.    Honey  Locust. 

Often  large  deciduous  deliquescent  trees  mostly  with 
branched  spines  above  axils;  yellowish  or  finally  reddish  hard 
wood  with  moderately  large  ducts  crowded  in  the  vernal  wood 
and  passing  into  smaller  ones  in  more  or  less  evident  wavy 
transverse  parenchyma-patterns  later  in  the  season,  and  mod- 
erate medullary  rays  replaced  at  intervals  by  heavier  ones; 
moderately  stout  rounded  rather  zig-zag  twigs1  somewhat  swol- 


70  LEGUMINOSAE 

len  at  the  nodes;  angular  brown  homogeneous  pith;  alternate 
low  more  or  less  heart-shaped  or  finally  U-shaped  leaf-scars 
with  3  bundle-traces;  small  rounded  sessile  superposed  more 
or  less  concealed  buds  with  several  scales,  the  end-bud  lacking; 
large  pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves  with  rather  crenulate  small- 
ish leaflets-;  inconspicuous  polypetalous  flowers  in  lateral  clus- 
ters; and  often  very  large  sometimes  twisted  thin  legumes. 

1.  Spines  rounded:  leaves  mostly  once-pinnate.    2. 

Spines  flattened  or  absent:  leaves  mostly  twice-pinnate.    3. 
Spines  wanting.    8. 

2.  Tree.  G.  sinensis. 
Shrub.                                                                G.  sinensis  nana. 

3.  Leaves  glabrate:  pod  1-  to  3-seeded.  G.  aquatica. 
Leaves  with  pubescent  vein-axils:  pods  many-seeded.    4. 

4.  Leaflets  obtuse  or  notched,  scarcely  20.  G.  japonica. 
Leaflets  rather  acute,  over  twenty.     5. 

5.  Trees.    6. 

Shrub:  unarmed.  G.  triacanthos  elegantissima. 

6.  Unarmed.  G.  triacanthos  inermis. 
Armed.    7. 

7.  Scarcely  weeping.  (Common  honey  locust).    G.  triacanthos. 
Weeping.  G.  triacanthos  Bujotii. 

8.  Tree.  G.  triacanthos  inermis. 
Shrub.                                           G.  triacanthos  elegantissima. 

CERCIS.    Redbud. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  smoky  or  brownish 
wood  with  small  ducts  in  wavy  patterns  or  those  of  the  spring 
somewhat  larger  and  more  crowded,  and  fine  but  distinct  med- 
ullary rays;  moderately  slender  zig-zag  roundish  twigs;  round- 
ish or  angled  homogeneous  pale  or  pinkish  pith;  alternate  2- 
ranked  raised  half-round  or  3-angled  small  leaf-scars  with  3 
bundle-traces  or  a  single  crescent-shaped  aggregate;  stipule 
vestiges  above  the  leaf -scar;  ovoid  superposed  lateral  buds,  the 
uppermost  often  somewhat  stalked,  with  several  exposed  scales 
and  the  terminal  bud  lacking;  rather  large  and  heart-shaped 
slender-stalked  palmately  nerved  entire  leaves;  small  pink  or 


LEGTJMINOSAE  71 

white   papilionaceous    flowers  in   axillary   umbels;     and   thin 
several-seeded  legumes. 

1.  Leaves  more  or  less  pointed.    2. 
Leaves  rounded  or  notched  at  apex.    5. 

2.  Leaves  with  a  distinct  translucent  margin.  C.  chinensis. 
Leaves  with  obscure  translucent  border.     3. 

3.  Flowers  reddish.     4. 

Flowrers  white.  C.  canadensis  alba. 

4.  Flowers  single.  (Redbud).  C.  canadensis. 
Flowers  double.  C.  canadensis  plena. 

5.  Flowers  reddish.  (Judas  tree).  C.  Siliquastrum. 
Flowers  white.  C.  Siliquastrum  alba. 

CLADRASTIS.     Yellow-wood. 

Small  or  moderate-sized  deciduous  trees  with  smooth 
gray  bark ;  yellowish  moderately  hard  wood  with  diffused  small 
ducts  and  fine  but  distinct  medullary  rays;  moderate  rather 
zig-zag  twigs;  rather  large  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith; 
alternate  crescent-shaped  or  horseshoe-shaped  low  leaf-scars 
with  3  or  5  at  first  protruding  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars; 
s'essile  solitary  or  superposed  lateral  buds  often  aggregated  in 
a  conical  budlike  group;  no  end  bud;  odd-pinnate  leaves  with 
large  entire  short-stalked  leaflets;  rather  large  white  perfect 
papilionaceous  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle;  and 
thin  few-seeded  legumes. 

1.  Bundle-traces  3;  buds  glabrate.        C.  (Maackia)  amurensis. 
Bundle-traces  5;  buds  superposed,  silky.    2. 

2.  Leaves  glabrate.    3. 

Leaves  pubescent.  C.  sinensis. 

3.  Unvariegated.  C.  lutea. 
Variegated  with  yellow.                     C.  lutea  aureo-variegata. 

SOPHORA.     Pagoda  Tree. 

Deciduous  small  trees  with  firm  pale  wood  with  small 
ducts,  somewhat  larger  and  crowded  in  spring  and  in  tangen- 
tial lines  in  autumn,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  somewhat  finely 
fluted  rather  slender  twigs;  rounded  or  bluntly  angular  con- 


72  LEGUMINOSAE 

tinuous  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  U-shaped  leaf-scars 
partly  encircling  the  buds*,  with  3  bundle-traces;  minute  stip- 
ule-scars crowning  the  leaf-cushion;  small  hairy  superposed 
sessile  buds  with  indistinct  scales,  the  terminal  bud  lacking; 
odd-pinnate  leaves  with  stalked  entire  leaflets;  papilionaceous 
perfect  flowers  in  supra-axillary  racemes  forming  a  terminal 
panicle;  and  torulose  pods. 

Not  weeping.  S.  japonica. 

Weeping.  S.  japonica  pendula. 

LABURNUM.    Golden  Chain. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  brown  wood  with 
small  ducts  crowded  in  spring,  wavy  anastomosing  tangential 
wood-parenchyma  pattern,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate 
fluted  twigs;  rounded  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  some- 
what raised  crescent-shaped  or  transversely  elliptical  leaf- 
scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  short  stipules  persistent  at  top  of 
the  leaf-scar;  solitary  sessile  round-ovoid  buds  with  2  or  3 
exposed  scales;  typically  entire  moderately  large  nearly  sessile 
leaflets1;  rather  large  perfect  papilionaceous  yellow  flowers  in 
racemes;  and  several-seeded  legumes. 

1.  Leaflets  lobed.  L.  anagyroides  quercifolium. 
Leaves  not  lobed.     2. 

2.  Leaves  yellow.  L.  anagyroides  aureum. 
Leaves  green.    3. 

3.  Leaves  sessile.  L.  anagyroides  sessilifolium. 
Leaves  petioled.     4. 

4.  Leaflets  elliptical.     5. 

Leaflets  very  narrow.  L.  anagyroides  Carlieri. 

5.  Leaflets  flat.     6. 

Leaflets  concave.  L.  anagyroides  bullatum. 

6.  Branches  rather  spreading.  L.  anagyroides. 
Branches1  distinctly  drooping.         L.  anagyroides  pendulum. 

GENISTA.     Whin. 

Small  deciduous  shrubs  with  slender  angular  twigs;  more 
or  less  angled  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  small  raised 


LEGUMINOSAE  73 

crescent-shaped  or  3-lobed  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  more 
or  less  evident  persistent  stipules;  small  solitary  ovoid  buds 
usually  concealed  behind  the  leaf-cu&hion ;  small  entire  appar- 
ently simple  subsessile  leaves;  moderately  small  yellow 
papilionaceous  flowers  in  the  upper  axils;  and  small  few- 
seeded  legumes. 

1.  Spiny.  G.  germanica. 
Unarmed.     2. 

2.  Erect:   leaves  glabrate.   (Dyeweed).  G.  tinctoria. 
Prostrate:  leaves  silky  beneath.  G.  pilosa. 

ULEX.    Furze.    "Fuzz." 

Much-branched  shrubs  with  light  wood  with  minute  ducts 
in  an  anastomosing  flame-like  pattern  and  fine  medullary  rays; 
moderate  fluted  twigs  ending  in  spines;  small  continuous1 
pith;  small  alternate  pungent  linear  leaves;  rounded  small 
buds;  yellow  perfect  papilionaceous  rather  large  flowers  dis- 
tributed along  the  branches;  and  short  few-seeded  legumes. 
Flowes  single.  U.  europaeus. 

Flowers  double.  U.  europaeus  plenus. 

CYTISUS.    Broom. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  brown  wood  with  small  ducts  in 
oblique  or  flame-like  patterns  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather 
slender  twigs;  roundish  or  angular  homogeneous  pale  pith; 
alternate  raised  small  transversely  elliptical  or  crescent-shaped 
leaf -scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  scarcely  evident  stipule-scars ; 
small  rounded  or  ovoid  solitary  buds  with  2  or  3  exposed  scales, 
often  developing  into  short  leafy  spurs  the  first  season;  stalk- 
ed rather  small  digitate  leaves  with  3  sessile  entire  leaflets; 
rather  large  perfect  papilionaceous  flowers  in  axillary  or  ter- 
minal clusters;  and  small  several-seeded  legumes. 

1.  Twigs  prominently  angled.  C.  scoparius. 
Twigs  scarcely  angled.     2. 

2.  Twigs  with  appressed  hairs.  C.  nigricans. 
Twigs  with  spreading  hairs.    3. 

3.  Leaflets  with  appressed  hairs  beneath.  C.  leucanthus. 
Leaflets  with  spreading  hairs  beneath.     4. 


74  LEGUMINOSAE 

4.  Leaflets  scarcely  20  mm.  long:  flowers  axillary.    C.  hirsutus. 
Leaflets  nearly  25  mm.  long:  flowers  in  heads.      C.  supinus 

AMORPHA.     False  Indigo. 

Deciduous  shrubs1  with  slender  more  or  less  sulcate 
branches;  rather  3-sided  homogeneous  pith;  white  wood  with 
minute  ducts,  somewhat  more  crowded  in  spring  and  in  wavy 
tangential  lines  in  summer,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  alternate 
crescent-shaped  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle- 
traces;  small  stipule-scars;  appressed  small  ovoid  buds  with 
about  4  exposed  scales;  odd-pinnate  glandular-punctate  leaves; 
small  papilionaceous  more  or  less  violet  flowers;  and  small 
glandular  pods. 

1.  Leaves  nearly  se&sile:  gray.   (Lead  plant).        A.  canescens. 
Leaves  distinctly  stalked.    2. 

2.  Hairy  when  young.  A.  fruticosa. 
Glabrous.  A.  glabra. 

WISTERIA.    Wistaria. 

Deciduous  twining  shrubs  with  rather  slender  subterete 
twigs;  moderate  somewhat  angled  continuous  pith;  alternate 
elevated  half-round  or  squarish  leaf-scars,  short-spurred  at 
base,  with  3  compound  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars; 
sessile  round  or  ovoid  buds  with  about  3  exposed 
scales;  large  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  short-stalked  entire  leaf- 
lets; perfect  showy  papilionaceous  flowers  in  terminal  panicles; 
and  moniliform  legumes  with  several  large  plump  seeds. 

1.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  scentless.     2. 
Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  fragrant.     3. 

2.  Panicles  30  cm.  long.  W.  floribunda. 
Panicles  50-90  cm.  long.                W.  floribunda  macrobotrys. 

3.  Panicles  short  (8-10  cm.),  glandless'.  W.  frutescens. 
Panicles  moderate  (15  cm.  or  more) :  pedicels  and  calyx 

pubescent  and  also  glandular-papillate.  W.macrostachys. 

ROBINIA.     Locust.     Rose  Acacia. 
Deciduous  trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  with  stipular  spines, 


LEGUMINOSAE  75 

with  hard  yellow  and  brown  wood  with  the  larger  ducts  some- 
what crowded  in  spring  and  the  smaller  in  tangential  waves  in 
the  fall  growth,  and  moderate  medullary  rays;  moderate  zig- 
zag roundish  twigs;  roundish  continuous  pith;  alternate  raised 
leaf-scars,  for  a  time  concealing  the  small  superposed  rounded 
buds  and  with  3  bundle-traces;  bristle-like  or  spinescent  sti- 
pules; no  end-bud;  typically  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  entire 
stipellate  leaflets;  showy  perfect  papilionaceous  white  or  rosy 
flowers  in  axillary  racemes;  and  rather  small  flat  few-seeded 
legumes. 

1.  Twigs  neither  glandular  nor  bristly.     2. 
Twigs  bristly.     10. 

Twigs  with  sticky  glands,  not  bristly.  R.  viscosa. 

2.  Twigs  prickly:  pods  bristly.  R.  Kelseyi. 
Twigs  not  prickly.     3. 

3.  Tree  round  or  ovoid.    4. 

Tree  pyramidal.  R.  Pseudacacia  pyramidalis. 

4.  Unarmed.    5. 

With  stipular  spines.     6. 

5.  Branching  open.  R.  Pseudacacia  inermis*. 
Branching  compact.                R.  Pseudacacia  umbraculifera. 

6.  Leaves  mostly  of  only  1  leaflet.  R.  Pseudacacia  monophylla. 
Leaves  distinctly  compound.    7. 

7.  Weeping.  R.   Pseudacacia  pendula. 
Not  weeping.    8. 

8.  Leaves  green.     9. 

Leaves  yellow.  R.  Pseudacacia  aurea. 

9.  Flowers  white.  (Locust).  R.  Ps'eudacacia. 
Flowers  rosy.  R.  dubia. 

10.  Without  sticky  glands.   (Rose  acacia).  R.  hispida. 

With  both  glands  and  bristles.  R.  neo-mexicana. 

COLUTEA.    Bladder  Senna. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  more  or  less  shredding  bark; 
rounded  or  angular  twigs;  rather  angular  homogeneous  pale 
pith;  alternate  small  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped  leaf- 
scars  with  1  or  usually  3,  5  or  7  bundle-traces  in  a  single  series; 


76  LEGUMINOSAE 

more  or  less  persistent  soft  stipules  above  the  leaf-scars; 
round-ovoid  solitary  sessile  small  buds  with  2-4  exposed  scales; 
odd-pinnate  leaves  with  moderately  small  entire  short-stalked 
leaflets;  rather  large  papilionaceous1  flowers  in  stalked  axil- 
lary clusters;  and  thin-walled  inflated  stalked  few-seeded 
legumes. 

Leaves  flat.  C.  arborescens. 

Leaves  crisped.  C.  arborescens  crispa. 

Leaves  concave.  C.  arborescens  bullata. 

HALIMODENURON.    Salt  Tree. 

Deciduou&  armed  shrubs  with  moderate  roundish  twigs; 
roundish  pale  continuous  pith;  alternate  raised  crescent- 
shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  minute  stipule  scars; 
ovoid  sessile  buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  abruptly  pin 
nate  small  leaves  with  the  rachis  ending  in  a  spine  beyond  the 
few  leaflets;  rather  large  rosy  papilionaceous  perfect  flowers, 
slender-stalked  on  swollen  short  spurs;  and  short  slender- 
stalked  swollen  legumes  with  several  small  rounded  seeds. 
Leaflets  bristle-tipped.  H.  halodendron. 

CARAGANA.    Pea  Tree. 

Deciduous  shrubs  often  with  leaf-  or  stipule-spines;  mod- 
erate or  slender  often  angled  twigs;  angled  often  spongy  or 
evanescent  pale  pith;  alternate  raised  small  crescent-shaped 
leaf  scars  with  1  bundle-trace,  flanked  by  persistent  stipules; 
ovoid  rather  large  and  appressed  solitary  sessile  buds  with 
several  exposed  scales;  abruptly  pinnate  or  subdigitate  leaves 
with  rather  small  entire  often  mucronate  leaflets  and  pro- 
longed rachis;  perfect  moderate-sized  yellow  papilionaceous 
flowers  usually  in  small  clusters  from  axillary  spurs;  and  not 
greatly  swollen  legumes. 

1.  Stipules  and  rachis-tip  bristle-like:  leaves  digitate.  C.  frutex. 
Stipules  pungent:  rachis  bristle-like:  leaves  pinnate.    2. 
Rachis  pungent-tipped.    3. 

2.  Leaves  short,  elliptical-obovate.  C.   arborescens. 
Leaves  elongated,  linear-spatulate.  C.  arborescens  Lorbergii. 


RUTACEAE  77 

3.  Rachis  persisting  as  a  spine  after  fall  of  leaflets.    C.  spinosa. 
Rachis  not  persistent:  leaflets  few.    4. 

4.  Leaflets  distinctly  pinnate.  C.  Chamlagu. 
Leaflets  appearing  digitate,  narrow.  C.  pygmaea. 

CALOPHACA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  (or  grafted  as  small  standard  trees)  with 
slender  terete  twigs;  small  roundish  continuous  pith;  alternate 
minute  raised  roundish  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace; 
persistent  triangular  stipules;  small  sessile  buds  with  few 
loose  scales1;  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  small  round  entire  sessile 
leaflets;  rather  large  perfect  papilionaceous  flowers  in  sparse 
racemes;  and  terete  pods. 

Leaflets  about  15:  flowers  under  10.  C.  woigarica. 

Leaflets  about  20:  flowers  about  12.  C.  grandiflora. 

PUERARIA.     Kudzu  Vine. 

Herbaceous-  twining  plants,  woody  and  persistent  only  at 
the  base,  the  coiling  ends  of  the  branches  tendril-like,  with 
alternate  trifoliolate  leaves  with  very  large-lobed  leaflets;  arid 
(in  warm  enough  regions)  perfect  purple  papilionaceous  flow- 
ers in  axillary  spikes,  followed  by  long  legumes. 
Leaflets  rather  rhombic-ovate,  ciliate.  P.  hirsuta. 

Family  RUTACEAE.     Rue  Family. 

A  moderate  sized  family,  chiefly  important  commercially 
as  producing  the  citrus  fruits;  somewhat  used  in  ornamental 
planting. 

TBIPHASIA.    Limeberry. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  pale  hard  wood  with  minute  diffus- 
ed ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slender  green  twigs; 
paired  axillary  spines;  no  stipule  scars;  alternate  trifoliolate 
pellucid-punctate  leaves;  moderately  small  perfect  polypetalous 
white  fragrant  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  and  thick-skinned 
red  berries  with  1  or  more  very  large  seeds. 
Glabrous:  terminal  leaflet  enlarged.  T.  trifolia. 


78  RUTACEAE 

PONCIRUS.  Hardy  or  Deciduous  Orange. 
Deciduous  shrub  with  pale  firm  wood  with  minute  diffused 
ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  strong  tortuously  3-sided  and 
compressed  green  twig&  with  solitary  large  compressed  axillary 
spines;  more  or  less  compressed  continuous  relatively  large 
white  pith;  alternate  minute  low  half-round  leaf-scars  with  a 
single  indistinct  compound  bundle-trace;  no  end-bud  or  stipule- 
scars;  small  hemispherical  finally  red  sessile  solitary  buds 
with  about  4  exposed  scales;  trifoliolate  pellucid^punctate 
leaves;  moderately  small  perfect  polypetalous  white  flowers 
solitary  or  paired  in  the  axils  in  early  spring;  and  orange-like 
fruit  4  cm.  in  diameter. — Sometimes  placed  in  Citrus. 
Vegetative  parts  glabrous :  fruit  velvety.  P.  trifoliata. 

PTELEA.     Hop  Tree. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  soft  wood  with  larger 
crowded  vernal  ducts  and  small  summer  ducts  in  wavy  tan- 
gential patterns,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slender 
roundish  twigs  with  round  continuous  pith;  alternate  litMe- 
raised  finally  horseshoe-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces; 
no  stipule-scars;  small  hairy  superposed  lateral  buds  but  no 
end  bud;  palmately  trifoliolate  stalked  leaves  with  large  near- 
ly entire  pellucid-punctate  leaflets;  rather  small  perfect  open 
polypetalous  flowers  in  compound  corymbs;  and  densely  clus- 
tered slender-pedicelled  round  veiny  samaras. 

1.  Twigs  glabrous.     2. 

Twigs  finely  tomentose.  P.  trifoliata  mollis. 

2.  Leaves  green.    (Wafer  ash).  P.  trifoliata. 
Leaves1  yellow.                                                   P.  trifoliata  aurea. 

PHELLODENDRON.    Cork  Tree. 

Small  deciduous  trees  with  soft-corky  bark;  brown  wood 
with  rather  large  ducts  crowded  in  the  spring  wood  and  minute 
ducts  in  wavy  tangential  lines  in  summer,  and  fine  medullary 
rays;  rather  stout  rounded  twigs;  crenate  continuous  white 
pith;  opposite  or  alternate,  but  then  4-ranked,  somewhat  eleva- 
ted horseshoe  shaped  leaf-scars  w.ih  3  simple  or  compound 


SlMARUBACEAE  79 

bundle-traces;  no  stipule  scars;  small  hairy  edged  buds; 
abruptly  pinnate  leaves  with  several  nearly  entire  lanceolate 
leaflets;  small  dioecious  greenish  flowers  in  stalked  terminal 
clusters;  and  black  several-seeded  berry-like  drupes. 

1.  Bark  soft-corky:    twigs*  orange.  P.  amurense. 
Bark  not  corky:  twigs  red  or  purplish.     2. 

2.  Twigs  glabrous.  P.  sachalinense. 
Twigs  somewhat  hairy.  P.  chinense. 

SKIMMIA. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  alternate  subsessile  simple  pellucid 
glandular  leaves;   small  imperfect  polypetalous  white  flowers 
in  terminal  clusters;  and  rather  small  red  berry-like  fruits. 
Leaves  oblong  or  obovate.  S.  japonica. 

ZANTHOXYLUM.     Prickly  Ash. 

Deciduous  (or  in  warm  countries  evergreen)  aromatic 
shrubs  or  small  trees  with  yellowish  wood  with  minute  ducts, 
slightly  smaller  and  les's  crowded  in  summer,  and  fine  medul- 
lary rays;  moderate  rounded  twigs  with  prickles  (sometimes  a 
pair  beside  each  leaf-scar) ;  rounded  continuous  pith;  alternate 
somewhat  raised  half-round  or  3-lobed  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle- 
traces;  no  stipule-scars;  round  red-hairy  superposed  buds  with 
indistinct  scales;  odd-pinnate  pellucid-punctate  moderate 
sometimes  prickly  leaves;  small  dioecious  polypetalous  flowers 
in  axillary  clusters  or  panicled;  and  small  leathery  capsules, 
each  with  1  or  2  round  black  seeds. 

1.  Prickles  by  leaf-bases  large,  deltoid-acuminate.     Z.  Bungei. 
Prickles  not  greatly  dilated  at  base.    2. 

2.  Flowers1  panicled:  leaflets  glossy,  falcate.  Z.  Clava-herculis. 
Flowers  clustered  in  the  axils.  Z.  americanum. 

Family  SlMARUBACEAE.     Quassia  Family. 

A  rather  small  family  of  little  economic  importance; 
chiefly  known  in  temperate  regions  through  the  too-common 
use  of  the  tropical-appearing  ailanthus. 


80  MELIACEAE 

AILANTHUS.    Tree  of  Heaven. 

Loosely  branched  deciduous  trees  with  rather  smooth 
coarsely  lenticeled  bark ;  yellowish  soft  wood  with  rather  large 
spring  ducts,  tangentially  disposed  summer  ducts,  and  distinct 
medullary  rays;  stout  twigs  with  homogeneous  colored  pith; 
half-round  buds  with  2  or  4  exposed  sicales,  the  place  of  the 
terminal  represented  by  a  large  scar;  alternate  odd-pinnate 
large  leaves  with  somewhat  toothed  leaflets  bearing  nectar- 
glands  beneath  on  some  of  the  teeth,  the  large  cordate  leaf- 
scars  with  about  9  bundle-traces;  small  dioecious  polypetalous 
panicled  flowers;  and  elongated  somewhat  twisted  samaras. 

1.  Twigs  prickly.  A.  Vilmoriniana. 
Unarmed.    2. 

2.  Twigs  finely  pubescent.    3. 

Twigs  glabrous.  A.  glandulosa  pendulifolia. 

3.  Fruit  green.  A.  glandulosa. 
Fruit  red.                                        A.  glandulosa  erythrocarpa. 

Family  MELIACEAE.     Chinaberry  Family. 

,  A  small  chiefly  tropical  family  producing  mahogany,  the 
valuable  West  Indian  "cedar"  or  cigar-box  wood;  a  few  forms 
used  for  shade  trees. 

CEDRELA.    False  Cedar. 

Deciduous  rather  smooth-barked  trees  resembling  Ailanthus, 
with  brown  mahogany-like  wood  with  large  ducts  crowded  in 
spring  but  small  and  fewer  in  summer,  and  fine  medullary 
rays;  stout  puberulent  twigs;  large  round  finally  colored  homo- 
geneous pith;  alternate  large  low  broadly  heart-shaped  leaf- 
scars  with  5  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  round  buds  with 
several  exposed  scales,  the  terminal  bud  present  and  broadly 
conical;  large  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  pointed  serrate  short' 
stalked  glandless  leaflets;  small  whitish  usually  perfect  poly- 
petalous panicled  flowers;  and  capsular  fruit  with  winged  seeds. 
Leaves  merely  paler  beneath.  C.  sinensis. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath.  C.  serrata. 


EUPHORBIACEAE  81 

MELIA.     Chinaberry. 

Deciduous  trees  with  firm  brown  wood  with  small  ducts 
more  crowded  in  spring  and  somewhat  undulately  tangentially 
lined  in  summer,  and  rather  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate 
terete  twigs;  round  continuous  pith;  somewhat  raised  3-lobed 
leaf -scars  with  3  compound  bundle-traces;  rounded  sometimes 
superposed  buds  with  few  expo&ed  scales;  twice  or  thrice  pin- 
nate long-petioled  leaves  with  toothed  leaflets;  perfect  poly- 
petalous  open  lilac  loosely  clustered  flowers  with  monadelphous 
stamens;  and  moderate-sized  round  yellowish  translucent 
berry-like  drupes. 

Tree  round  topped.  M.  Azedarach. 

Tree  umbrella-shaped.  M.  Azedarach  unbraculiformis. 

Family  EUPHORBIACEAE.  Spurge  Family. 
A  very  large  widespread  family,  largely  herbs,  with  milky 
acrid  sap;  yielding  Brazilian  India-rubber,  cassava  or  tapioca, 
the  principal  bread-stuff  of  the  tropics,  the  source  of  medicinal 
croton  oil  and  castor  oil,  and  including  the  poinsettia  and 
"crotons"  of  florists.  The  castor  bean  is  much  used  for  tall 
temporary  foliage  masses. 

ANDBACHNE. 

Deciduous  small  shrubs  with  slender  fluted  twigs;  small 
3-sided  continuous  brown  pith;  alternate  small  somewhat  raised 
half-elliptical  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace;  narrow 
stipule-scars  or  elongated  persistent  stipules';  sessile  ovoid 
buds  with  several  exposed  ciliate  scales;  rather  small  simple 
entire  short-petioled  leaves;  monoecious  polypetalous  or  apet- 
alous  inconspicuous  slender-stalked  axillary  flowers;  and  de- 
pressed 3-lobed  capsules  with  six  3-sided  pale  seeds. 
Leaves  elliptical,  glabrescent.  A.  phyllanthoides. 

SECURINEGA. 

Deciduous  small  shrubs  with  slender  somewhat  angled 
twigs;  relatively  large  rounded  or  angular  continuous  white 
pith;  alternate  small  raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a 


82  BUXACEAE 

single  bundle  trace;  no  stipule-scars;   se&sile  ovoid  buds  with 
several  exposed    scales;  subelliptical    slender-petioled    leaves; 
small  imperfect  apetalous  flowers,  clustered  in  the  axils;  and 
small  3-lobed  few-seeded  capsules. 
Leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  entire,  pale  beneath.      S.  ramiflora. 

Family  BUXACEAE.     Box  Family. 

A  rather  small  family  producing  the  boxwood  formerly 
much  us'ed  in  wood-engraving,  but  otherwise  of  little  use.  Tne 
box  is  the  most  highly  esteemed  plant  for  clipped  evergreen 
hedges  where  it  endures  the  climate,  and,  in  tubs,  often  takes 
the  place  o'f  laurel  for  formal  specimens. 

Buxus.     Box  Tree. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  hard  close-grained 
wood;  slender  4-sided  branches;  small  roundish  homogeneous 
pith;  opposite  small  crescent-shaped  decurrent  leaf-scars  with 
1  transverse  bundle-trace;  multiple  buds  with  several  loose 
scales;  ovate  to  obovate  sessdle  small  entire  leaves;  small 
monoecious  apetalous  nearly  sessile  flowers  in  axillary  clus- 
ters-; and  small  3-valved  capsules. 

1.  Leaves  broadest  at  or  below  the  middle:  twigs  pubescent.    2. 
Leaves  broadest  above  the  middle:  twigs  glabrous1.    5. 

2.  Leaves  green.     3, 
Leaves  variegated.     4. 

3.  Leaves  not  glaucous.  (Common  box).  B.  sempervirens. 
Leaves  glaucous  beneath.                    B.  sempervirens  glauca. 

4.  Leaves  white-bordered.  B.  sempervirens  argentea. 
Leaves  yellow-bordered.                B.  sempervirens  marginata. 
Leaves1  yellow.  B.  sempervirens  aurea. 

5.  Low  or  prostrate.  B.  microphylla. 
Moderately  high.  (Japanese  box).  B.  japonica. 

PACHYSANDKA 

More  or  less  evergreen  softwooded  perennials  with  alter- 
nate relatively  large  wing-petioled  toothed  leaves  clustered  to- 
ward the  ends  of  the  short  erect  shoots;  small  white  or  pur- 


EMPETRACEAE  83 

plish  monoecious  apetalous  spiked  flowers;  and  small  3-lobed 

capsules. 

Leaves  coarsely  crenate:  flowers  at  top.  P.  terminalis. 

Leaves  crenately  lobed:  flowers  at  base.  P.  procuinbens. 

Family  EMPETRACEAE.     Crowberry  Family. 
A  small  family  of  low  evergreens,  chiefly  in  cold  regions. 

EMPETBUM.    Crowberry. 

Low  matted  evergreen  shrubs  with  slender  twigs;  small 
raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace,  usually 
in  whorls  of  3;  no  stipule-scars;  small  round  sessile  solitary 
buds  with  few  scales;  small  narrow  crowded  entire  leaves;  in- 
conspicuous apetalous  polygamous  flowers;  and  relatively 
large  berry-like  fruits. 

1.  Leaves  scarcely  reflexed:  twigs  tomentose.     2. 

Lower  leaves  reflexed:  twigs  glandular  or  glabrate.  E.nigrum. 

2.  Leaves  rather  spreading:  fruit  opaque.      E.  atropurpureum. 
Leaves  ascending:   fruit  translucent.  E.  Eamesii. 

COREMA.     Broom  Crowberry. 

Evergreen  low  shrubst  with  slender  fluted  twigs;  minute 
continuous  pith;  alternate  elevated  crescent-shaped  minute 
leaf -scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  small 
globose  sessile  buds1  with  several  exposed  scales;  miuute  ob- 
long nearly  sessile  blunt  green  leaves;  small  apetalous  poly- 
gamous flowers  clustered  at  ends  of  the  branches;  and  several- 
seeded  small  dry  drupes. 
Leaves  minutely  serrulate,  grooved  on  both  faces.  C.  Conradii. 

Family  ANACARDIACEAE.  Sumach  Family. 
A  small  family,  chiefly  of  warm  regions*,  yielding  mangoes, 
cashew  apples  and  cashew  nuts,  pistacio  nuts,  and  the  lacquer 
of  Japan;  notable  among  the  plants  of  temperate  regions  as 
including  the  very  poisonous  poison  ivy  and  poison  sumach, — 
the  former  an  attractive  but  ineradicable  climber,  and  the  lat- 
er an  unusually  beautiful  shrub. 


84  ANACABDIACEAE 

RHUS.    Sumach. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  straggling  small  trees  with  aromatic 
resinous  or  milky  sap;  soft  reddish  or  greenish  wood  with 
small  ducts,  decreasingly  smaller  or  in  wavy  transverse  pat- 
terns in  the  summer  growth,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  usually 
stout  roundish  or  3-  or  5-sided  twigs  with  large  pith  of  similar 
shape;  alternate  somewhat  raised  triangular  or  C-shaped  large 
leaf-scars;  roundish  sessile  buds;  pinnate  leaves  with  mostly 
toothed  or  sometimes  incised  lanceolate  leaflets;  small  often 
imperfect  polypetalous  yellowish  flowers  in  axillary  or  termi- 
nal clusters;  and  small  often  dry  drupe-like  fruits.  The  true 
sumachs  are  sometimes  separated  as  Schmaltzia,  and  the 
name  Toxicodendron  is  used  for  the  poisonous  group. 

1.  Leaflets  three.     2. 
Leaflets  5  or  more.    4. 

2.  Fruit  red,  pubescent.  (Fragrant  sumach).       R.  canadensis. 
POISONOUS.     Fruit  white,  glabrous.     3. 

3.  Prostrate  or  climbing  by  roots:   leaflets  thin, 

scarcely  lobed.     (Poison  ivy).  R.  radicans. 

Bushy:  leaflets  firm,  often  deeply  lobed. 

(Poison  oak).  R.  Toxicodendron. 

4.  POISONOUS.    Fruit  white,  glabrous:  leaflets  entire: 

rachis  not  winged.  (Poison  sumach).  R.  Vernix. 

Fruit  red,  pubescent.  5. 

5.  Rachis  winged  between  the  leaflets.    6. 
Rachis  not  winged.     7. 

6.  Leaflets  mostly  entire,  glossy,  glabrate  beneath.  R.  copallina. 
Leaflets  toothed,  hairy  beneath.  R.  javanica. 

7.  Glabrous.     8. 
Hairy.     9. 

8.  Leaflets  serrate.   (Smooth  sumach).  R.  glabra. 
Leaflets  deeply  cut.  R.  glabra  laciniata. 

9.  Leaflets  serrate.  (Staghorn  sumach).  R.  typhina. 
Leaflets  deeply  cut.  R.  typhina  laciniata. 
Leaflets  twice-divided.  R.  typhina  dissecta. 


CYRILLACEAE  85 

COTINUS.     Smoke  Tree. 

Aromatic-gummy  deciduous  shrubs  or  very  small  trees 
with  soft  yellow  wood  with  crowded  moderate  ducts  in  the 
spring  growth,  dotted  or  transverse  groups  of  minute  ducts  in 
the  summer  growth,  and  fine  but  evident  medullary  rays; 
roundish  twigs;  alternate  raised  crescent-shaped  or  3-lobed 
rather  small  leaf-scars  with  3  or  5  bundle-traces;  entire  mod- 
erately large  slender-stalked  simple  leaves;  inconspicuous  poly- 
petal  ous  flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  and  small  dry  fruits  on 
feathery  slender  stalks.  Frequently  placed  under  Rhus. 

1.  Leaves  rather  round  and  small  (scarcely  8  cm.  long).      2. 
Leaves  elliptical  and  large  (10-16  cm.  long).  C.  americanus. 

2.  Not  weeping.     3. 

Weeping.  C.  Coggygria  pendulus. 

3.  Leaves  somewhat  pubescent.  C.  Coggygria  pubescens. 
Leaves  glabrous.     4. 

4.  Hairs  of  inflorescence  pale.  C.  Coggygria. 
Hairs  of  inflorescence  purple.      C.  Coggygria  atropurpureus. 

Family  CYRILLACEAE. 

A  small  family  of  no  considerable  use:  the  following  some- 
times found  in  shrubberies. 

CYRILLA.     Black  ti-ti. 

Subevergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  rather  hard 
brownish  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  but  evident 
medullary  rays;  rather  slender  3-angled  twigs;  alternate  some- 
what raised  triangular  small  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace; 
solitary  sessile  small  buds  with  several  loose  pointed  scales; 
simple  moderately  small  cuneately  short-stalked  leaves;  small 
colorless  perfect  polypetalous  flowers  clustered  in  racemes  from 
the  winter  nodes;  and  small  ovoid  capsules  on  reflexed  pedicels. 
Leaves  subacuminate,  revolute,  raised-veiny.  C.  racemiflora. 

CLIFTONIA.     Buckwheat  Tree. 

Evergreen  hard-leaved  shrubs  with  rounded  smooth-barked 
twigs;  small  rounded  homogeneous  pink  pith;  alternate  low 


86  AQUIFOLIACEAE 

obtusely  triangular  leaf-scars  with  a  single  simple  or  com- 
pound bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  small  solitary  compressed- 
ovoid  sessile  buds  with  about  2  scales;  moderately  small  sub- 
sessile  entire  nearly  veinless  leaves;  rather  small  perfect 
whitish  polypetalous  flowers  in  terminal- racemes;  and  small 
rounded  3-winged  dry  fruit, 
Leaves  slightly  revolute,  more  or  less  downy.  C.  monophylia. 

Family  AQUIFOLIACEAE.    Holly  Family. 
A  rather  small  but  widespread  family,  chiefly  of  deciduous 
shrubs;  the  larger  species  yield  a  fine-grained  wood,  and  many 
are  attractive  through  their  persistent  bright  colored  fruit. 

ILEX.    Holly. 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  white 
wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  crowded  medullary 
rays;  moderate  or  slender  rather  3-sided  twigs;  somewhat  an- 
gular continuous  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  crescent- 
shaped  leaf -scars  with  a  sometimes  broken  bundle-trace;  mi- 
nute stipule-scars  or  persistent  stipules;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with 
about  3  exposed  scales;  simple  petioled  moderate  or  small 
leaves;  small  more  or  less  imperfect  whitish  polypetalous 
flowers  in  the  axils;  and  rather  small  few-seeded  berry-like 
drupes. 

1.  Evergreen.     2. 
Deciduous.     6. 

2.  Leaves  relatively  large,  pungently  pointed  or  toothed.    4. 
Leaves  rather  small,  not  pungent.     3. 

3.  Fruit  black:  leaves  dotted  beneath.  I.  glabra. 
Fruit  red:  leaves  not  dotted.                                   I.  vomitoria. 

4.  Leaves  very  glossy.  (European  holly).  I.  Aquifolium. 
Leaves  dull.    5. 

5.  Fruit  red.   (American  holly).  I.  opaca. 
Fruit  yellow.                                                I.  opaca  xanthocarpa. 

6.  Leaves  very  small  (2  cm.).   (Japanese  holly).          I.  crenata. 
Leaves  moderate.    7. 


CELASTRACEAE  87 

7.  Leaves  sharply  serrate;  nutlets  not  ridged.    8. 

Leaves  crenately  toothed:  nutlets  ribbed.  I.  decidua. 

8.  Fruit  red.  (Black  alder).  I.  verticillata 
Fruit  yellow.                                      I.  verticillata  chrysocarpa. 

NEMOPANTHUS.    Mountain  Holly. 

Deciduous  glabrous  shrubs  with  slender  terete  twigs; 
small  continuous  somewhat  3-sided  pith;  alternate  slightly 
raised  crescent-  or  shield-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bun- 
dle-trace; scarcely  evident  minute  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sessile 
buds  with  about  3  exposed  scales;  rather  small  slender-petioled 
often  entire  leaves;  small  whitish  polypetalous  often  imperfect 
usually  solitary  flowers  long-pedicelled  from  the  axils;  and 
small  red  berry-like  drupes  with  several  hard  nutlets. 
Leaves  oblong  to  elliptical,  mucronulate.  N.  mucronata. 

Family  CELASTRACEAE.     Spindle  Tree  Family. 

A  small  family  of  little  use  apart  from  their  employment 
in  landscape  work,  for  which  their  bright  seeds  render  them 
attractive. 

CELASTBUS.     Bittersweet. 

Deciduous  woody  twiners  with  soft  pale  wood  with  (in  our 
species)  rather  large  ducts  in  spring  and  minute  scattered 
summer  ducts,  and  moderately  fine  medullary  rays;  rounded 
stems;  round  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  slightly  raised 
decurrent  half-round  leaf-scars  with  a  compound  crescent- 
shaped  bundle-trace;  minute  stipule-scars  or  persistent  fim- 
briate  stipules;  round  sessile  solitary  buds  with  several  ex- 
posed scales;  large  stalked  low-crenate  leaves;  rather  small 
white  perfect  polypetalous  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  leath- 
ery orange  capsules;  and  brilliant  red-arillate  seeds. 
Fruits  few,  in  short  axillary  clusters.  C.  orbiculatus. 

Fruits  numerous,  in  terminal  clusters.  C.  scandens. 

EVONYMUS.     Burning   Bush.     Spindle   Tree. 
Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  white  or  yellowish  firm  wood 
with   innumerable   minute   diffused  ducts  and  extremely  fine 
medullary  rays;   more  or  less  angular  or  winged  moderately 


88 


CELASTKACEAE 


slender  often  green  twigs;  round  or  angular  continuous  or 
spongy  or  evanescent  pale  pith;  opposite  somewhat  raised  cres- 
cent-shaped leaf -scars  with  a  crescent-shaped  bundle-trace; 
minute  stipule-scars;  usually  elongated  solitary  sessile  buds 
with  several  pairs  of  rather  fleshy  scales;  medium-sized  stalked 
toothed  or  crenate  leaves;  small  whitish  or  lurid  perfect  poly- 
petalous  flowers  in  stalked  axillary  clusters;  and  usually  pink 
leathery  capsules  with  several  large  red-arillate  seeds. 

1.  Creeping,  trailing,  or  climbing.     2.  . 
Bushy  or  tree-like.     7. 

2.  Climbing  by  roots:  leaves  small  (1.5-5  cm.).     3. 
Not  climbing.    5. 

3.  Leaves  not  variegated.  E.  radicaris. 
Leaves  white-margined.      E.  radicans  argenteo-marginata. 
Leaves  margined  with  red.        E.  radicans  roseo-marginata. 
Leaves  white-veined.     4. 

4.  Leaves  rather  large. 

Leaves  small  (scarcely  1.5  cm.). 

5.  Leaves  linear,  narrow. 
Leaves  obovate,  broad.     6. 

6.  Leaves  not  variegated. 
Leaves  variegated. 

7.  Evergreen.    8. 
Deciduous.     15. 

8.  Leaves  not  variegated.     9. 
Leaves  variegated.     12. 

9.  Round-topped.     10. 
Conical  or  oblong. 

10.  Leaves  green. 

Leaves  yellow  when  young.     11. 

11.  Young  leaves  light  yellow. 
Young  leaves  golden. 

12.  Variegation  marginal.    13. 


E.  radicans  reticulata. 

E.  radicans  minima. 

E.  nana. 

E.  obovata. 
E.  obovata  variegata. 


E.  japonica  columnaris. 
E.  japonica. 

E.  japonica  pallens. 
E.  japonica  aurea. 


Variegation  median. 
13.  Margin  white. 
Margin  yellow. 


14. 


E.  japonica  albo-marginata. 
E.  japonica  aureo-marginata. 


STAPHYLEACEAE  89 

14.  Middle  bright  yellow.  E.  japonica  medio-picta. 
Middle  green  and  yellow.            E.  japonica  viridi-variegata. 

15.  Twigs  with  corky  wings  or  warts.    16. 

Twigs  neither  winged  nor  conspicuously  warty.     17. 

16.  With  wings.  E.  alata, 
With  prominent  warts.                                          E.  verrucosa. 

17.  Fruit  roughened:  petals  5.  E.  americana. 
Fruit  smooth:  petals  and  carpels  four.     18. 

18.  Carpels  nearly  separate.  E.  alata  subtriflora. 
Fruit  merely  lobed.     19. 

19.  Buds  long  (10  mm.):  fruit  lobes  winged.  E.  latifolia. 
Buds  short  (5  mm.) :  fruit  not  winged.    20. 

20.  Flowers  whitish,  few  in  a  cluster:  buds  round-ovoid.     21. 
Flowers'  purple,  numerous.     (Wahoo).         E.  atropurpurea. 

21.  Fruit  pink.     22. 

Fruit  whitish.  E.  europaea  leucocarpa. 

Fruit  purple.  E.  europaea  atrorubens. 

22.  Leaves  green.    23. 

Leaves  purplish.  E.  europaea  atropurpurea. 

23.  Tall.     (Spindle  tree).  E.  europaea. 
Very  dwarf.                                                    E.  europaea  nana. 

PACHISTIMA. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs  with  minute  dark  pith;  slender  4- 
sided  or  4-lined  twigs;  opposite  somewhat  raised  crescent- 
shaped  small  leaf-scars  with  3  more  or  less  distinct  bundle- 
traces;  ovoid  buds  with  about  2  pairs  of  exposed  scales;  small 
leathery  nearly  sessile  usually  serrulate  leaves;  minute  perfect 
polypetalous  4-merous  greenish  or  reddish  flowers  in  the  axils; 
and  small  capsules  with  few  white-arillate  seeds. 
Flower-stalks  very  short.  P.  procumbens. 

Flower-stalks  elongated  and  very  slender.  P.  Canbyi. 

Family  STAPHYLEACEAE.     Bladdernut  Family. 

A  small  family  of  shrubs,  of  no  use  except  in  landscape 
planting. 


90  ACERACEAE 

STAPHYLEA.     Bladdernut. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  soft  pale  wood  with  minute  diffused 
ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate  rounded  twigs; 
rather  large  continuous  pith;  opposite  half-round  somewhat 
raised  leaf-scars  with  about  10  bundle-traces  in  a  C-  or  0-shaped 
series;  no  stipule  scars;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with  2  or  4  exposed 
scales;  petioled  trifoliolate  or  odd-pinnate  leaves  with  ovate 
or  lanceolate  crenulate  or  serrate  rather  large  leaflets;  small- 
ish white  polypetalous  perfect  flowers  in  stalked  clusters;  and 
large  bladder-like  3-celled  fruit  with  few  seeds. 

1.  Leaflets  three.     2. 

Leaflets  usually  5  or  7.  S.  pinnata. 

2.  Terminal  leaflet  very  short-stalked.  S.  Bumalda. 
Terminal  leaflet  distinctly  stalked.  S.  trifolia. 

Family  ACERACEAE.     Maple  Family. 
A  rather  small  family  of  trees  and  shrubs  yielding  impor- 
tant cabinet  woods,  and  the  source  of  the  much  esteemed  ma- 
ple sugar:  containing  some  of  the  best  shrubs  and  street  trees. 

ACEB.     Maple.     Box-elder. 

Deciduous  shrubs1  or  trees  with  commonly  rough  bark  in 
age;  rather  brown  often  hard  wood  with  minute  diffused 
ducts  and  rather  fine  but  distinct  medullary  rays;  round  homo- 
geneous pale  pith;  slender  to  stout  nearly  terete  twigs;  oppo- 
site narrow  U-shaped  leaf-scars  with  usually  3  or  5  bundle-traces 
in  a  single  series;  ovoid  or  conical  buds,  occasionally  stalked 
and  with  2  valvate  outer  scales  but  mostly  with  several  visible 
pairs  of  scales;  usually  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves 
(exceptionally  unlobed,  and  palmately  or  pinnately  compound 
in  the  group  Negundo,  etc.) ;  usually  imperfect  and  small  often 
greenish  polypetalous  or  apetalous  flowers  variously  clustered; 
and  rather  large  paired  wing-fruits. 

1.  Buds  distinctly  stalked,  with  2  valvate  scales.     2. 
Buds  essentially  sessile.     3. 

2.  Twigs  and  buds  glabrous.  A.  pennsylvanicum. 
Twigs  and  buds  pubescent:  leaves  serrate.        A.  spicatum. 


ACEKACEAE  91 

3.  Buds  with  two  scales:  leaves  many-lobed.     4. 
Mature  buds  with  several  exposed  scales.     13. 

4.  Pubescent  for  a  time:  lobes  typically  short.    5. 
Glabrous:  lobes  separated  fully  half-way  to  base.     7. 

5.  Lobes  short.     6. 

Lobes  separated  nearly  to  base.         A.  japonicum  Parsonii. 

6.  Leaves  green.  A.  japonicum. 
Leaves  yellow.                                         A.  japonicum  aureum. 

7.  Leaves  not  variegated.    8. 
Leaves  variegated.     11. 

8.  Leaves  green.     10. 

Leaves  purple.  A.  palmatum  atropurpureuni. 
Leaves  red.     9. 

9.  Lobes  broad.  A.  palmatum  sanguineum. 
Lobes  dissected.  A.  palmatum  ornatum, 

10.  Lobes  dissected.  A.  palmatum  dissectum. 
Lobes  broad.  A.  palmatum. 

11.  Lobes  broad.     12. 

Lobes  dissected:  mottled.  A.  palmatum  Frederici-Guilelmi. 

12.  Leaves  mottled.  A.  palmatum  bicolor. 
Leaves  rosy-margined.          A.  palmatum  roseo-marginatum. 

13.  Leaf -scars  glandular  at  top:  leaves  compound.     14. 
Leaf-scars  not  glandular:   leaves  simple.     19. 

14.  Twigs  green.     .15. 

Twigs  deep  purple.  A.  Negundo  violaceum. 

15.  Leaves  not  variegated.     16. 
Leaves  variegated.     17. 

16.  Leaves  green.     (Box-elder).  A.  Negundo. 
Leaves  yellow.                                           A.  Negundo  auratum. 

17.  Leaves  mottled.  A.  Negundo  aureo-maculatum. 
Variegation  marginal.    18. 

18.  Margin  white.  A.  Negundo  argenteo-variegatum. 
Margin  yellow.  A.  Negundo  aureo-marginatum. 

19.  Buds  ovoid  or  short-conical.    20. 

Buds  conical,  pointed,  gray-pubescent.     50. 

20.  Buds  glabrate,  green  or  red.    21. 
Buds  gray-pubescent.     48. 


92  ACER  ACE  AE 

21.  Buds  small  (scarcely  5  mm.).    22. 

Buds  large  (the  terminal  5  mm.  or  more),  solitary.     32. 

22.  Buds  not  becoming  multiple.     23. 

Buds  becoming  multiple  in  early  winter.     24. 

23.  Leaves  ovate,  scarcely  lobed.  A.  tataricum. 
Leaved  with  a  middle  and  two  lateral  lobes1.        A.  ginnala. 

24.  Bark  flaking  in  age:  lobes  of  leaves  widened  upwards: 

flowers  without  petals.  (Silver  maple).    25. 
Bark  not  flaking:  lobes  of  leaves  narrowed  upwards: 
flowers  with  red  petals,  fragrant.  (Red  maple).    31. 

25.  Leaves  not  variegated.     26. 

Leaves  pale-mottled.  A.  saccharinum  albo-variegatum. 

26.  Not  weeping.     27. 

Weeping:  leaves  laciniate.  A.  saccharinum  Weirii. 

27.  Leaves  green.     28. 

Leaves  yellow.  A.  saccharinum  lutescens. 

28.  Leaves  with  broad  lobes.    29. 
Leaves  laciniate.     30. 

29.  Lobes  moderately  separated:  fetid.  A.  saccharinum. 
Lobes  very  deeply  separated.    A.  saccharinum  tripartitum. 

30.  Lobes  flat.  A.  saccharinum  heterophyllum. 
Lobes  crisped.  A.  saccharinum  crispum. 

31.  Tree  round  or  ovoid:  not  fetid.  A.  rubrum. 
Tree  oblong-pyramidal.                         A.  rubrum  columnare. 

32.  Leaf-scars  meeting:  sap  milky.  (Norway  maple).     33. 
Leaf -scars  not  meeting:  sap  not  milky.     43. 

33.  Leaves  not  variegated.    34. 
Leaves  variegated.    40. 

34.  Leaves  green.    35. 
Leaves  red  or  purple.     38. 

35.  Tree  round-topped.     36. 

Tree  oblong.  A.  platanoides  columnare. 

36.  Leaves  broad-lobed.     37. 

Leaves  deeply  dissected.  A.  platanoides  dissectum. 

37.  Lobes  moderately  separated.  A.  platanoides. 
Lobes  separated  nearly  to  base.   A.  platanoides  laciniatum. 


HlPPOCASTANACEAJE  93 

38.  Leaves  5-lobed.     39. 

Leaves  3-lobed,  purple,  then  green.    A.  platanoides  Stollei. 

39.  Leaves  from  green  becoming  red.      A.  platanoides  rubrum. 
Leaves  red  becoming  green.        A.  platanoides  Schwedleri. 

40.  Leaves  white-mottled.  A.  platanoides  albo-variegatuni. 
Leaves  margined  with  white  or  yellow.     41. 

41.  Margin  white,  young  leaves  red.  A  platanoides  Drummondii. 
Margin  yellow.    42. 

42.  Young  leaves  red.  A.  platanoides  Wittmackii. 
Young  leaves  green.          A.  platanoides  aureo-marginatuin. 

43.  Tree  round-topped.    (Sycamore  maple).     44. 

Tree  oblong-conical.  A.  pseudoplatanus  nervosum. 

44.  Leaves  not  variegated.     45. 
Leaves  mottled.     46. 

45.  Leaves  green.  A.  pseudoplatanus. 
Leaves  yellow.                                  A.  pseudoplatanus  Worlei. 
Leaves  purple.                      A.  pseudoplatanus  purpurascens. 

46.  Leaves  green.  A.  pseudoplatanus  bicolor. 
Leaves  red  or  purple  when  young.     47. 

47.  Uniformly  mottled.       A.  pseudoplatanus  albo-variegatum. 
With  large  and  small  spots.  A.  pseudoplatanus  quadricolor. 

48.  Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  glabrous.       A.  monspessoilanum. 
Leaves  green  and  usually  pubescent  beneath.  49. 

49.  Not  variegated.     (Field  maple).  A.  campestre. 
Leaves  mottled.                A.  campestre  argenteo-variegatum. 

50.  Petioles  widened  at  base  so  as  to  conceal  the  buds, 

often  with  stipules.  (Black  maple).  A.  nigrum. 

Petioles  not  concealing  the  buds.    51. 

51.  Tree  ovoid.   (Sugar  maple).  A.  saccharum. 
Tree  columnar.                              A.  saccharum  monumentale. 

Family  HIPPOCASTANACEAE.     Horsechestnut  Family. 

A  small  family  of  little  use  except  for  planting,  but  in- 
cluding some  excellent  shade  and  street  trees. 

AESCULUS.     Buckeye.     Horsechestnut. 
Usually  ovoid  deciduous  trees,  but  sometimes  shrubs,  with 


94  HlPPOCASTANACEAE 

more  or  less  soft  corky  gray  or  dark  bark;  pale  rather  soft 
wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  extremely  fine  medullary 
rays;  stout  terete  twigs;  large  somewhat  hexagonal  homogene- 
ous pale  pith;  large  digitate  leaves;  large  opposite  shield- 
shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  or  several  bundle-traces  in  a  single 
series;  ovoid  buds,  the  terminal  large,  with  several  pairs  of 
exposed  opposite  scales;  perfect  paniculate  showy  polypetalous 
flowers;  and  leathery  capsules  with  1  or  several  very  large 
roundish  seeds. 

1.  Buds  gummy:  leaflets  subsessile,  impressed-veiny.     2. 
Buds  not  gummy.  (Buckeyes).     12. 

2.  Buds  persistently  gummy:  leaflets  often  seven.     3. 
Scales  drying:  leaflets  mostly  5.  X  A.  carnea. 

3.  Trees*  4. 

Shrub.  A.  Hippocastanum  pumila. 

4.  Leaves  unvariegated.    5. 
Leaves  variegated.     11. 

5.  Leaflets  merely  toothed.     6. 
Leaflets  deeply  cut.     9. 

6.  Tree  with  ovoid  top.    7. 

Tree  with  round  top.        A.  Hippocastanum  unbraculifera. 
Tree  pyramidal.  A.   Hippocastanum  pyramidalis. 

7.  Flowers  single.    (Horsechestnut).  A.  Hippocastanum. 
Flowers  double.     8. 

8.  Flowers  yellowish  red.        A.  Hippocastanum  Schirnhoferi. 
Flowers  white.  A.  Hippocastanum  Baumannii. 

9.  Tree  with  ovoid  top.    10. 

Tree  rather  pyramidal.  A.  Hippocastanum  Henkelii. 

10.  Leaflets  of  usual  outline.          A.  Hippocastanum  laciniata. 
Leaflets  short  and  broad.  A.  Hippocastanum  incisa. 

11.  Variegation  yellow.  A.  Hippocastanum  variegata. 
With  white  blotches.          A.  Hippocastanum  Memmingeri. 

12.  Fruit  warty:  bark  softly  corky.    13. 
Fruit  not  warty.     14. 

13.  Tree:  leaflets  mostly  5.   (Ohio  buckeye).  A.  glabra. 
Shrub:  leaflets  mostly  7.                           A.  glabra  Buckleyi. 


SAPINDACEAE  95 

14.  Leaflets  characteristically  five.     15. 

Leaflets  often  7:  shrubs:  flowers  white.  A.  parviflora. 

15.  Petals  without  marginal  glands.    16. 
Petals  fringed  with  glands.    17. 

16.  Flowers  yellow:  tree.  A.  octandra. 
Flowers  red  or  reddish:   shrub.                         A.  georgiana. 

17.  Petals  ciliate  and  glandular.  X  A.  hybrida. 
Petals  only  glandular.     18. 

18.  Leaves  glabrate:   flowers  red.     19. 

Leaves  very  pubescent  beneath:  calyx  red.    22. 

19.  Trees.    20. 

Shrub.  A.  Pavia  humilis. 

20.  Leaflets  finely  toothed.    21. 

Leaflets  deeply  cut-toothed.  A.  Pavia  sublaciniata. 

21.  Flowers  rather  bright  red.  A.  Pavia. 
Flowers  very  dark  red.                    A.  Pavia  atrosanguinea. 

22.  Tree:  petals  red  or  yellow.  A.  discolor. 
Shrubs.    23. 

23.  Petals  bright  red.  A.  discolor  mollis. 
Petals  yellow.  A  discolor  flavescens. 

Family  SAPINDACEAE.     Soapberry  Family. 
A  rather  small  family  of  little  use  except  in  landscape 
planting. 

XANTHOCERAS. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  yellow  wood;  rather 
slender  terete  twigs;  relatively  large  round  continuous  brown- 
ish pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars 
with  3  more  or  less  compound  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars; 
ovoid  sessile  buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  odd-pinnate 
rather  large  leaves  with  sessile  leaflets;  relatively  large  showy 
polypetalous  panicled  white  flowers;  and  moderate  leathery 
capsules  with  several  rather  large  seeds. 
Leaflets  lanceolate,  sharptly  serrate.  X.  sorbifolia. 

KOELREUTERIA.    Varnish  Tree. 
Deciduous  trees  with  pale  wood  with  small  ducts,  larger 


96  RHAMNACEAE 

and  more  crowded  in  spring,  and  fine  closely  but  unequally 
spaced  medullary  rays;  moderate  rounded  twigs;  roundish 
continuous  rather  large  pith;  alternate  raised  or  moderate 
shield-  or  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  sometimes  com- 
pound bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  sessile  broadly  ovoid 
buds  with  about  2  exposed  pointed  scales;  odd-pinnate  or  bi- 
pinnate  large  leaves  with  coarsely  toothed  leaflets;  small  yel- 
low perfect  polypetalous  flowers  in  large  panicles;  and  bladder- 
like  few-seeded  fruits. 
Leaflets  often  lobed  as  well  as  toothed.  K.  paniculata. 

SAPINDUS.    Soapberry. 

Usually  trees,  evergreen  or  deciduous,  with  scaly  brown 
bark;  yellowish  ring-porous  wood  with  wavy  tangential  wood- 
parenchyma  pattern  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  rather 
slender  somewhat  angled  twigs;  continuous  roundish  pith; 
alternate  somewhat  raised  shield-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3 
groups  of  aggregated  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  abruptly 
pinnate  leaves,  with  oblique  falcate  entire  firm  veiny  leaflets; 
superposed  scaly  round  buds;  inconspicuous  polygamous  poly- 
petalous flowers  in  terminal  clusters;  and  round  finally  black 
berries  with  hard  seeds. 
Leaflets  acuminate:  petals  ovate.  S.  Drummondii. 

Family  RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn  Family. 
A  rather  small  family,  yielding  the  drug  cascara  sagrada; 
the  fruit  of  one  Zizyplius  is  supposed  to  be  the  intoxicating 
lotus    of  the  ancients:    some  species    are  used  in    shrubbery 
masses. 

BERCHEMIA.     Supple-Jack. 

Deciduous  twiners  with  slender  terete  stems  with  round 
homogeneous  pith;  brownish  wood  with  rather  small  diffused 
ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  alternate  small  raised  elliptical 
or  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  elliptical  bundle-trace;  ap- 
pressed  ovoid-conical  buds  with  about  2  exposed  scales;  nearly 
entire  rather  ovate  moderate  leaves;  small  more  or  less  poly- 


RHAMNACEAE  &7 

famous  greenish-white  polypetalous   flowers  in  small   lateral 
clusters;  and  elongated  2-seeded  small  drupes. 

Leaves  with  about  8  pairs  of  veins,  cordate.  B.  racemosa. 

Leaves  with  about  10  pairs  of  veins,  not  cordate.  B.  scandens. 

CEANOTHUS.     New  Jersey  Tea. 

Small  deciduous  half-shrubs,  in  the  east,  with  red-brown 
wood  with  minute  ducts  diminishing  in  size  and  number 
through  the  season,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender  roundish 
twigs;  relatively  large  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alter- 
nate somewhat  raised  small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3 
bundle-traces;  narrow  stipule-scars;  ovoid  hairy  buds  with 
encircling  linear  stipules,  mostly  developing  the  first  season; 
simple  stalked  serrate  palmately-nerved  relatively  large  leaves; 
small  perfect  white  or  bluish  polypetalous  flowers  in  dense 
terminal  clusters;  and  small  rounded  few-seeded  half-inferior 
capsule  the  lower  half  of  which  persists  as  a  cup. 
Leaves  ovate.  C.  americanus. 

Leaves  elliptical-oblong.  C.  ovatus. 

RHAMNTJS.    Buckthorn. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  rather  hard  usually 
brown  wood  with  minute  ducts  diffused  (in  Frangula)  or  in 
more  or  less  anastomosing  radial  patterns;  rather  slender 
roundish  twigs,  sometimes  spine-tipped:  small  continuous 
pith;  alternate  or  opposite  transverse  or  half-round  low  leaf- 
scars  with  3  simple  or  compound  bundle-traces;  small  stipule- 
scars  or  stipules;  opposite  or  4-ranked  scaly  buds  (or  more  or 
less  stalked  alternate  naked  buds  in  Frangula) ;  simple  finely 
toothed  petioled  lanceolate  leaves;  small  greenish  more  or  less 
imperfect  polypetalous  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils: 
and  drupe-  or  berry-like  rather  small  fruit  with  a  papery 
envelope  to  each  of  the  few  seeds.  The  growth  of  buckthorn 
in  the  vicinity  of  wheat  fields  is  discouraged  because  it  harbors 
the  cluster-cup  stage  of  the  crown-rust  (Puccinia)  of  wheat. 
1.  Buds  scaly.  2. 

Buds  naked:  leaves  not  opposite.     (Frangula).     4. 


98  RHAMNACEAE 

2.  Leaves  opposite  or  4-ranked.     3. 

Leaves  alternate.  R.  fallax. 

3.  Branches  often  pungently  tipped.  R.  cathartica. 
Unarmed.  R.  lanceolata. 

3.  Leaves  glabrous,  small  (50  mm.),  4-ranked.  R.  Frangula. 
Leaves  longer,  5-ranked.    4. 

4.  Peduncle  shorter  than  petiole.  R.  caroliniana. 
Peduncle  longer.    (Cascara  sagrada).  R.  Purshiana. 

HOVENIA.    Honey  Tree. 

Deciduous  unarmed  trees  with  fine-grained  wood;  slender 
zig-zag  twigs;  relatively  large  round  homogeneous  pith;  alter- 
nate somewhat  raised  rounded-heart-shaped  leaf -scars  with  3 
bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  alternate  superposed  ovoid 
buds  with  few  exposed  scales;  simple  palmately  veined  finely 
toothed  ovate  stalked  leaves;  small  perfect  greenish  flowers; 
and  small  round  3-seeded  dry  fruits  slender-stalked  on  fleshy 
forking  red  axillary  branches. 
Twigs  and  buds  hairy  or  glabrescent.  H.  dulcis. 

PALIURUS.     Jerusalem  Thorn. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  hard  brownish  wood; 
very  slender  zig-zag  terete  twigs;  small  roundish  pith;  alter- 
nate 2-ranked  half-round  somewhat  raised  minute  leaf-scars 
with  3  usually  confluent  bundle-traces;  small  stipules  some  of 
them  transformed  into  spines,  one  of  each  pair  often  straight 
and  the  other  curved;  small  sessile  ovoid  buds  with  about  3 
exposed  scales;  small  elliptical  nearly  entire  petioled  leaves; 
small  yellowish  perfect  polypetalous  flowers  in  small  axillary 
clusters;  and  rather  large  indehiscent  hat-shaped  dry  winged 
fruit. 

Leaves  3-nerved,  serrulate  or  oblique.  P.  Spina-Christi. 

ZIZPYPHUS.     Jujube. 

Deciduous  (or  in  warm  countries  evergreen)  shrubs  or 
small  trees  with  firm  pale  wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts 
and  very  fine  and  close  medullary  rays;  rather  slender  terete 
twigs;  more  or  less  angular  continuous  or  spongy  pith;  alter- 


VlTACEAE  99 

nate  small  crescent-shaped  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars  with  3 
bundle-traces;  rounded  buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  small 
rounded  stipule-scars  or  unequal  stipular  spines;  small  axil- 
lary often  clustered  perfect  polypetalous  flowers;  and  rather 
small  drupe-like  fruits. 

Leaves  glabrous:   fruit  nearly  sessile.  Z.  sativa. 

Leaves  woolly  beneath:  fruit  stalked.  Z.  Jujuba. 

Family  VlTACEAE.     Vine  Family. 

A  rather  small  family  of  tendril-climbers,  celebrated  as 
the  source  of  wine  and  furnishing  the  market  with  grapes, 
raisins  and  dried  currants:  the  woodbines  or  creepers  include 
some  of  the  best  close-clinging  climbers. 

AMPELOPSIS. 

Deciduous  close-barked  shrubs  climbing  by  coiling  tendrils 
or  in  some  species  nearly  or  quite  without  tendrils  and  bush- 
like,  with  sympodial  branches  with  pale  sub-continuous  rounded 
pith  not  diaphragmed  at  the  nodes;  alternate  leaf-scars;  nar- 
row stipule-scars;  small  buds;  simple  or  in  one  species  pinnate 
or  bipinnate  scarcely  fleshy  leaves;  small  greenish  perfect  poly- 
petalous flowers  in  forking  clusters  opposite  the  leaves;  and 
small  pale  blue  or  purple  large-seeded  berries.  (Cissus). 

1.  Leaves  simple.     2. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate.  (Pepper  vine).  A.  arborea. 

2.  Leaves  whitened  beneath.  A.  humulifolia. 
Leaves  not  whitened  beneath.     3. 

3.  Leaves  serrate,  little  lobed:  fruit  scarcely  showy.  A.  cordata. 
Leaves  crenately  toothed:    fruit  multicolored.     4. 

4.  Leaves  deeply  lobed.  (Turquoise  berry).        A.  heterophylla. 
Leaves  little  lobed.  A.  heterophylla  amurensis. 

PARTHENOCISSUS.  Virginia  Creeper.  "Ampelopsis". 
Woody  close-barked  plants  climbing  by  coiling  or  more 
frequently  disk-bearing  tendrils  opposite  the  leaves,  with  soft 
brownish  wood  with  rather  large  scattered  ducts  and  coarse 
medullary  rays;  sympodial  branches  with  green  or  pale  con- 
tinuous or  finally  chambered  or  excavated  rounded  pith  not 


100  VlTACEAE 

diaphragmed  at  the  swollen  nodes;  alternate  rounded  buds 
with  mostly  2  or  4  exposed  scales;  half-round  or  round  leaf- 
scars  with  about  10  bundle-traces  in  a  ring;  elongated  stipule- 
scars;  digitate  3-  or  5-foliolate  thin  leaves,  in  one  species 
fleshier  and  often  with  1  leaflet  and  so  appearing  simple;  small 
greenish  perfect  flowers  in  forking  clusters  opposite  the  leaves ; 
and  small  purplish  large-seeded  berries.  (Psedera,} . 

1.  Tendrils  long,  rarely  with  suckers.  P.  vitacea. 
Tendrils  with  abundant  suckers.     2. 

2.  Leaves  compound,  mostly  of  5  leaflets.     3. 
Leaves  appearing  simple,  or  of  3  broad  firm  leaflets. 

(Boston  ivy).  P.  tricuspidata. 

3.  Glabrous:  leaves  pale  beneath:  tendrils  long. 

(Virginia  creeper).  P.  quinquefolia. 

Pubescent:  tendrils  short.     4. 

4.  Leaves  whitened  beneath.          P.  quinquefolia  Engelmannii. 
Leaves  green:  with  aerial  roots.  P.  quinquefolia  Saint  Paulii. 

Cissus.    "Marine  Ivy." 

Woody  plants  climbing  by  coiling  tendrils,  with  rather 
succulent  sympodial  branches  with  pale  continuous  rounded 
pith  not  diaphragmed  at  the  nodes;  alternate  short  buds; 
rounded  leaf-scars;  small  stipule-scars;  rather  fleshy  digitately 
3-foliolate  leaves;  small  greenish  perfect  polypetalous  flowers 
in  repeatedly  forking  clusters  opposite  the  leaves;  and  small 
purplish  large-seeded  berries. 
Leaves  fleshy,  mostly  of  3  coarsely  toothed  leaflets.  C.  incisa. 

VITIS.     Vine.     Grape. 

Deciduous  sympodial  shrubs  climbing  by  coiling  branched 
tendrils  opposite  the  leaves;  with  typically  shredding  brown 
bark;  soft  brown  wood  with  large  diffused  ducts  and  coarse 
medullary  rays;  moderate  terete  twigs;  small  rounded  con- 
tinuous brown  pith  typically  with  firmer  plates  at  the  nodes; 
alternate  somewhat  raised  roundish  or  U-shaped  leaf-scars  with 
about  5  bundle-traces;  long  narrow  stipule-scars;  round-ovoid 
sessile  buds  with  several  exposed  scales ;  rather  large  long- 


TlLIACEAE  101 

petioled  palmately-veined  or  lobed  leaves;  perfect  or  unisexual 
polypetalous  small  and  inconspicuous  but  fragrant  flowers  in 
large  compound  panicles  opposite  the  leaves;  and  small  or 
moderate  4-  to  6-seeded  berries. 

1.  A  tendril  or  flower-cluster  opposite  each  rusty-woolly 

leaf.  (Hybrids  of,  and)  V.  Labrusca. 

No  tendril  or  flower-cluster  at  every  third  node.    2. 

2.  Bark  not  flaking:  pith  not  firmer  at  nodes.      V.  rotundifolia. 
Bark  flaking:  pith  with  firm  plates  at  the  nodes.    3. 

3.  Twigs  angular,   persistently  gray-pubescent.         V.  cinerea. 
Twigs  rounded,  glabrate.     4. 

4.  Leaves  woolly  beneath  when  young.     5. 
Leaves  not  woolly,  bright  green.     6. 

5.  Leaves  green  beneath.  V.  aestivalis. 
Leaves  whitened  beneath.  V.  bicolor. 

6.  Leaves  scarcely  lobed.  V.  cordifolia. 
Leaves  sharply  lobed.    7. 

7.  Climbing:  leaves  roundish  or  elongated.     8. 

Bushy:  leaves  rather  broader  than  long.  V.  rupestris. 

8.  Nodal  diaphragms  thin:  stem  green.  V.  vulpina. 
Diaphragms  thick:  stem  red.  V.  rubra. 

Family  TlLIACEAE.  Linden  Family. 
A  rather  small  family  furnishing  the  tough  "bass'  formerly 
much  used  for  tying  plants  up,  the  very  important  fiber  jute, 
and  the  straight-grained  basswood  or  whitewood,  and  an  im- 
portant source  of  honey;  much  planted  as  shade  and  street- 
trees,  especially  in  Europe. 

TILIA.     Linden.     Lime.     Basswood. 

Deciduous  trees  with  soft  pale  wood  with  minute  scattered 
ducts  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate  terete  twigs 
with  large  bast-rays  in  the  bark;  round  continuous  pith;  2- 
ranked  alternate  half-elliptical  leaf-scars  wih  a  number  of 
scattered  bundle-traces;  elongated  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sessile 
green  or  red  buds  with  about  3  exposed  scales,  the  terminal 
bud  lacking;  rather  large  oblique  or  cordate  petioled  serrate 


102  STERCULIACEAE 

leaves;  rather  small  white  or  creamy  polypetalous  flowers  in 
axillary  corymbs  with  large  adherent  bract;  and  several  small 
hard  indehiscent  round  fruits  falling  with  the  bracted  peduncle. 

1.  Leaves  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  nerves  beneath.     4. 
Leaves  glabrate  except  in  the  vein-axils  beneath.     2, 

2.  Leaves  green  beneath.     3. 

Leaves  white  beneath.   (Small-leaved  linden).       T.  cordata. 

3.  Leaves  large  (fully  10  cm.).  (Basswood).          T.  americana. 
Leaves  moderate    (7  cm.).    (Linden).  T.  vulgaris. 

4.  Leaves  green  beneath:  fruit  typically  ribbed.     5. 
Leaves  whitened  beneath.     8. 

5.  Leaves  not  lobed.     6. 

Leaves  broad-lobed.  T.  platyphyllos  vitifolia. 

Leaves  laciniate.  T.  platyphyllos  laciniata. 

6.  Tree  broad-topped.    7. 

Tree  rather  oblong.  T.  platyphyllos  pyramidalis. 

7.  Twigs  gray  or  greenish.  (Large-leaved  linden)  .T.  platyphyllos 
Twigs  yellow.  T.  platyphyllos  aurea. 
Twigs  red.  T.  platyphyllos  rubra. 

8.  Leaves  abruptly  acuminate:   fruit  ribbed.     9. 
Leaves  gradually  pointed,  usually  very  oblique:  fruit 

not  ribbed.  (Southern  basswood).  T.  heterophylla. 

9.  Petiole  short.     (Silver  linden).  T.  tomentosa. 
Petiole  6-7  cm.  long.  (Weeping  linden).  T.  petiolaris. 

Family  STERCULIACEAE.     Sterculia  Family. 
A  rather  small  family,  chiefly  tropical,  yielding  cacao  or 
chocolate:    the   following   forming   a   conspicuous    street   tree 
in  the  South. 

STERCULIA.     Chinese  Parasol  Tree. 

Deciduous  trees  with  smooth  gray  bark;  gummy  white 
sap;  stout  green  twigs  with  large  round  continuous  white 
pith;  alternate  8-ranked  round-ovoid  buds,  the  lateral  small 
and  the  terminal  large  but  short,  with  several  brown-hairy 
scale*;  subelliptical  low  large  leaf-scars  with  some  10  scatter- 
ed more  or  less  compound  bundle-traces;  narrow  stipule-scars; 


MALVACEAE  103 

'  round  cordate  very  large  palmately  nerved  for  a  time  stellate- 
pubescent  leaves  with  about  5  obovate  acuminate  lobes;  small 
greenish  polygamous  panicled  flowers;  and  large  capsules 
with  at  length  leaf-like  carpels  bearing  large  round  seeds  on 
their  margins. 
Twigs  stout,  green:  leaves  long-petioled.  S.  platanifolia. 

Family  MALVACEAE.  Mallow  Family. 
A  moderate-sized  family,  chiefly  of  herbaceous  plants, 
noteworthy  as  including  the  most  important  fiber  plant  of  the 
world,  cotton:  many  species  are  cultivated  for  their  flowers, 
and  the  following  finds  too-common  use  as  an  incongruous 
component  of  shrubberies. 

HIBISCUS.  Rose  of  Sharon.  Rose  Mallow. 
Deciduous  shrubs  with  pale  wood  with  minute  ducts  more 
crowded  in  spring,  and  rather  fine  medullary  rays  connected 
by  narrow  tangential  bands  of  wood-parenchyma;  moderate 
somewhat  angled  twigs;  rather  large  continuous  pale  pith; 
alternate  somewhat  raised  transversely  elliptical  small  leaf- 
scars  with  about  4  bundle-traces  in  an  ellipse;  small  round 
stipule-scars;  petioled  palmately  nerved  and  commonly  lobed 
moderate  leaves;  narrow-bracted  large  perfect  polypetalous 
axillary  flowers  with  many  monadelphous  stamens;  ovoid  cap- 
sules; and  curved-ciliate  flat  seeds. 
Leaves  cuneate,  acutely  lobed  and  crenately  toothed.  H.syriacus. 

Family   DILLENIACEAE. 

A  small  unimportant  family:  the  following  used  as  rapid 
climbers,  one  of  them,  Actinidia  polygama,  a  curiosity  because 
of  its  attractiveness  for  cats. 

ACTINIDIA. 

Woody  deciduous  twiners  with  soft  brownish  wood  with 
both  large  and  small  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays; 
rounded  often  chambered  or  colored  pith;  alternate  shield- 
shaped  raised  leaf -scars  with  a  U-shaped  bundle-trace;  small 
buds  concealed  in  the  swollen  nodes;  round  to  oblong  petioled 


104  TERNSTKOEMIACEAE 

entire  or  serrate  rather  large  leaves;  moderately  large  white 

solitary  or  few   often  polygamous  polypetalous  flowers;    and 
small  several-seeded  berries. 

1.  Pith  continuous,  white.  A.  polygama. 
Pith  chambered,  colored.     2. 

2.  Twigs  glabrous.  A.  arguta. 
Twigs  hairy.  A.  chinensis. 

Family  TERNSTROEMIACEAE.     Camellia  Family. 

A  rather  small  family  chiefly  noteworthy  as  including  the 
tea  plant  and  camellia. 

STEWARTIA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  shredding  bark; 
rather  slender  terete  twigs;  small  brownish  spongy  pith;  alter- 
nate somewhat  raised  small  transverse  leaf-scars;  no  stipule- 
scars;  moderate  or  rather  large  petioled  mucronate-serrulate 
leaves;  large  perfect  solitary  polypetalous  flowers;  and  caps u- 
lar  fruit  with  few  hard  winged  seeds. 

Leaves  small  (3X6  cm.):  stamens  purple.    S.  Malachodenron. 
Leaves  larger  (6  X  10  cm.) :  stamens  white.  S.  pentagyna. 

Family  HYPERICACEAE.    St.  John's-wort  Family. 
A  rather  small  family,  chiefly  herbs,  of  little  use  except 
that  some  are  planted  for  their  bright  yellow  flowers. 

HYPERICUM.     St.   John's-wort. 

Small  commonly  herbs  or  deciduous  shrubs  or  half-shrubs 
with  flaking  bark;  angular  stems;  small  angular  mostly  green 
or  brown  and  excavated  pith;  low  opposite  crescent-shaped  or 
3-angled  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  soli- 
tary sessile  ovoid  or  oblong  buds  with  a  number  of  loose 
leaves:  perfect  entire  abundantly  glandular-pellucid  rather  small 
leaves;  perfect  showy  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs,  with 
numerous  bunched  stamens;  and  small  ovoid  or  conical  capsules. 

1.  Flowers  large  (25-50  mm.):   leaves  broad.  H.  aureum. 
Flowers  smaller  (scarcely  30  mm.) :  leaves  rather  narrow.  2. 

2.  Stems  2-angled.  H.   prolificum. 
Stems  4-angled.                                                      H.  Kalmianum. 


TAMABICACEAE  105 

ASCYRTJM.     St.  Peter's-wort. 

Small  deciduous  shrubs  or  half-shrubs  with  flaking  bark; 
slender  2-edged  twigs;  small  rounded  dark  excavated  pith;  op- 
posite low  small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace; 
no  stipule-scars;  entire  pellucid-dotted  nearly  sessile  leaves; 
moderate  yellow  nearly  solitary  4-merous  perfect  polypetalous 
flowers;  and  1-celled  ovoid  or  compressed  small  capsules. 
Leaves  narrowed  at  base.  (St.  Andrew's  cross).  A.  hypericoides. 
Leaves  broad  and  rather  clasping  at  base.  A.  stans. 

Family  TAMARICACEAE.     Tamarisk  Family. 

A  very  small  family  of  little  use  aside  from  landscape 
planting. 

TAMAEIX.     Tamarisk.     Salt  Cedar. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  reddish  wood  with 
small  ducts,  sometimes  larger  and  more  crowded  in  spring  and 
smaller  and  tangentially  seriate  in  autumn,  and  rather  fine 
medullary  rays;  very  slender  terete  green  twigs;  relatively 
large  rounded  continuous  pale  pith;  somewhat  persistent  alter- 
nate raised  leaf-bases;  no  stipule-scars;  small  round  buds; 
minute  scale-like  acute  blue-green  leaves  largely  deciduous 
with  the  branched  foliar  shoots  that  bear  them;  very  small 
polypetalous  perfect  rosy  flowers  in  spike-like  racemes;  and 
small  many-seeded  capsules. 

Petals  5:  foliage  glaucous.  T.  gallica. 

Petals  4:  foliage  bright  green.  T.  parviflora. 

Family  CISTACEAE.    Rock  Rose  Family. 
A  small  and  unimportant  family,  chiefly  of  herbs,  some 
of  them  bright-flowered. 

HUDSONIA.    Beach  Heather. 

Low  densely  branched  heath-like  evergreen  shrubs  with 
slender  roundish  twigs;  usually  alternate  scale-like  long-per- 
sistent leaves;  small  yellow  perfect  flowers  from  the  upper 
axils;  and  small  1-celled  1-  or  2-seeded  capsules. 
Leaves  spreading,  rather  green:  flowers  stalked.  H.  ericoides. 
Leaves  appressed,  very  gray;  flowers  subsessile.  H.  tomentosa. 


106  STACK  YUBACEAE 

Family  STACHYURACEAE. 
A  small  and  unimportant  family. 

STACHYUBUS. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  slender  rounded  twigs;  relatively 
large  rather  angular  continuous  pith;  alternate  somewhat 
raised  crescent-shaped  leaf -scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  small 
stipule-scars;  sessile  round-ovoid  buds  with  about  3  exposed 
scales;  rather  large  petioled  leaves;  small  polypetalous  4-mer- 
ous  rounded  flowers  in  axillary  spikes;  and  small  berry-like 
fruit. 
Leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  serrate.  S.  praecox. 

Family  THYMELAEACEAE.    Mezeron  Family. 
A  small  family  of  little  importance  apart  from  landscape 
use;  one  mezereon  famed  in  Asia  for  its  very  fragrant  flowers. 

DIKCA.     Leatherwood. 

Small  deciduous  shrubs  with  terete  very  tough  sympodial 
twigs  abruptly  contracted  at  the  end  of  each  year's  growth; 
somewhat  angled  spongy  pale  pith;  alternate  raised  horse- 
shoe-shaped leaf-scars  with  about  5  bundle-traces;  no  stipule 
scars;  small  solitary  sessile  round-conical  buds  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  leaf-scar;  very  short-stalked  simple  entire 
moderate  leaves;  rather  small  yellowish  perfect  apetalous 
flowers  with  corolla-like  calyx  in  small  clusters  from  the  open- 
ing buds;  and  1-seeded  fleshy  fruit. 
Leaves  elliptical-obovate,  glabrous.  D.  palustris. 

DAPHNE.     Mezereon. 

Small  sometimes  evergreen  shrubs  with  tough  bark;  white 
wood  with  sparse  diffused  minute  ducts  and  very  fine  medul- 
lary rays;  rounded  twigs;  small  round  or  3-sided  homogeneous 
pith;  alternate  low  small  transversely  elliptical  leaf-scars  with 
1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  sometimes  superposed  sessile 
small  round-conic  buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  simple 
entire  small  subsessile  leaves;  small  perfect  apetalous  flowers 


ELAEAGNACEAE  107 

with  corolla-like  calyx,  in  axillary  clusters;  and  1-seeded  fleshy 
fruit. 

1.  Evergreen.     2. 

Deciduous:  bushy.  D.  Mezereum. 

2.  Branches  glabrous:  somewhat  bushy.  D.  Blagayana. 
Branches  pubescent:  trailing.  D.  Cneorum. 

Family  ELAEAGNACEAE.     Oleaster  Family. 
A  rather  small  family  of  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  per- 
vasively rather  than  pleasingly  fragrant  flowers;   sometime? 
prized  in  planting  because  of  their  silvery  foliage. 

SHEPHERDIA.     Buffalo   Berry. 

Deciduous  brown-  or  silvery-scurfy  shrubs  or  small  trees 
often  with  branch-spines,  with  rather  slender  twigs;  some- 
what angular  homogeneous  pale  pith;  opposite  low  crescent- 
shaped  small  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars; 
often  clustered  more  or  less  stalked  buds  with  1  or  2  pairs  of 
exposed  scales;  entire  moderate-sized  short-stalked  leaves ; 
small  dioecious  apetalous  flowers  subsessile  in  crowded  axil- 
lary clusters;  and  rather  small  drupe-like  fruit.  (Lepargyraca) . 
Twigs  coarsely  brown-scurfy:  leaves  elliptical,  at  most  with 
stellate  hairs  above  but  silvery-  and  brown^scurfy  and 
with  stellate  hairs  beneath.  S.  canadensis. 

Twigs  and  both  faces  of  the  oblong  leaves  with  fine  silvery 
scales.  S.  argentea. 

ELAEAGNUS.     Oleaster. 

Deciduous  brown-  or  silvery-scurfy  shrubs  or  small  trees, 
often   with   branch-spines,    with   rather   slender   twigs;    some- 
what angular  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  low  crescent- 
shaped  small  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars; 
entire    moderate-sized    stalked    leaves;    solitary   sessile   small 
ovoid  buds  with  several  scales;  small  bell-shaped  fragrant  per- 
fect stalked  apetalous  flowers  with  corolla-like  calyx,  in  small 
axillary  clusters;   and  rather  small  drupe-like  fruits. 
1.  Scurf  silvery,  even  on  young  buds.     2. 
Scurf  in  part  brown.    4, 


108  LYTHRACEAE 

2.  Adult  leaves  with  few  if  any  scales  above.     3. 

Leaves  scurfy  on  both  faces,  narrow.  E.  angustifolia  spinosa. 

3.  Leaves  with  scales  beneath.  (Russian  Olive).  E.  angustifolia. 
Leaves  with  only  star-shaped  hairs.  E.  angustifolia  orientalis. 

4.  Leaves  glabrate  and  green  above.     5. 

Leaves  silvery  on  both  faces.  E.  argentea. 

5.  Brown  scales  few.  E.   umbellata. 
Brown  scales   numerous.                                       E.   multiflora. 

HIPPOPHAE.     Sea  Buckthorn. 

Deciduous  armed  shrubs  with  brown  wood  with  moder- 
ately coarse  ducts,  more  crowded  in  spring  and  fewer  and  with 
interspersed  very  minute  ducts  in  summer,  and  very-  fine 
medullary  rays;  rather  slender  rounded  twigs  commonly  end- 
ing in  sharp  spines;  round  continuous  brownish  pith;  alternate 
slightly  raised  small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single 
bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  round  sessile  buds  with  few 
exposed  scales;  narrow  short-petioled  leaves;  small  imperfect 
yellowish  apetalous  flowers  in  lateral  clusters;  and  small  red 
berry-like  drupes. 
Twigs  rusty-scurfy;  leaves  silvery-scurfy  below.  H.  rhamnoides. 

Family  LYTHRACEAE.     Loosestrife  Family. 

A  rather  small  and  unimportant  family,  mostly  of  herbs, 
including  the  cigar  plant  and  a  few  other  species  of  Cuphea 
"grown  under  glass  or  in  bedding,  and  the  following  very  at- 
tractive tree  of  the  South. 

LAGERSTROEMIA.     Crape  Myrtle. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  shredding  bark;  pale 
or  brownish  wood  with  small  scattered  ducts,  tangential  wood- 
parenchyma  pattern,  and  very  delicate  medullary  rays;  mod- 
erately slender  twigs  decurrently  angled  below  the  leaves; 
small  brown  continuous  pith;  alternate  and  4-ranked  (or  the 
lower  opposite)  small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle- 
trace;  no  stipule-scars;  appressed  pointed  buds  with  about  2 


ONAGRACEAE  109 

exposed  scales;  small  obovate  subsessile  entire  leaves;  rather 
large  perfect  flowers  with  distinct  crisped  rounded  long-clawed 
petals;  and  small  round  capsules,  with  winged  seeds. 
Flowers  pink.  L.  indica. 

Flowers  purplish.  L.  indica  violacea. 

Flowers  white.  L.  indica  alba. 

Family  ONAGRACEAE.     Evening  Primrose  Family. 
A  rather  small  and  unimportant  family,  chiefly  herbs  of 
which   the  mutating   evening   primroses    (Oenothera)    are   of 
great  interest  to  students  of  variation  and  heredity. 

FUCHSIA. 

Shrubs,  mostly  tender,  often  grown  as  soft-wooded  window 
plants,  but  exceptionally  becoming  small  deciduous  trees,  with 
simple,  small-toothed  petioled  opposite  leaves  varying  to  alter- 
nate or  more  commonly  whorled;  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars 
with  a  transverse  bundle-trace;  small  scaly  buds  sometimes 
superposed;  showy  axillary  tubular  epigynous  perfect  4- 
merous  flowers  „  -i~~'J  -L  Blender  stalks,  the  calyx-segments 
equally  conspicuous  with  the  darker  petals;  and  small  berry- 
like  fruit. 

Leaves  ovate.  X  F.  hybrida. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  F.  gracilis. 

Family  CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family. 

A  rather  small  family,  chiefly  of  shrubs;  the  dogwoods 
much  used  in  massed  planting. 

CORNUS.    Dogwood.    Cornel. 

Deciduous  shrubs,  or  a  few  undershrubs  or  small  trees, 
the  latter  with  rather  hard  pale  or  brownish  wood  with  minute 
diffused  ducts  and  fine  but  mostly  evident  medullary  rays; 
roundish  often  bright-colored  twigs  usually  compressed  at  the 
nodes;  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith;  opposite  or  in  one 
case  alternate  low  or  exceptionally  raised  U-shaped  leafrscars 
connected  by  a  transverse  line,  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule 
scars;  usually  solitary  appressed  elongated  buds,  often  stalked 
or  developing  the  first  season,  with  2  valvate  scales;  simple 


110  CORNACEAE 

entire  stalked  exceptionally  alternate  or  whorled  leaves  often 
whitened  beneath  and  with  very  characteristic  closely  appressed 
twinned  hairs;  small  perfect  polypetalous'  flowers  either  in  an 
involucrate  head  or  an  open  corymb;  and  small  white  or  red 
or  blue  inferior  drupes. 

1.  Low  undershrubs.  (Bunchberries).  2. 

Shrubs  or  occasionally  small  trees.   (Dogwoods).  3. 

2.  Leaves  opposite.  C.  suecica. 
Leaves  whorled.                                                      C.  canadensis. 

3.  Leaves   irregularly  alternate.  C.   alternifolia. 
Leaves  opposite.  4. 

4.  Leaves  at  most  lighter  green  beneath.  5. 
Leaves  whitened  beneath.  8. 

5.  Twigs  or  lower  surface  of  leaves  somewhat  woolly.  6. 
Twigs  and   leaves   not  woolly.   7. 

6.  Lower  surface  silky,  not  granular.  C.  Amomum. 
Leaves  hairy  and  granular  beneath.  C.  obliqua. 
Leaves  mostly  woolly,  not  granular.                C.  sanguinea. 

7.  Veins  incurving  to  the  leaf -tip;  flowers  crowded.      C.  mas. 
Veins  not  curving  into  the  tip:  flowers  in  cymes.  C.  femina. 

8.  Flowers  in  flower-like  heads:  fruit  red.  C.  florida. 
Flowers  cymose:  fruit  white  to  blue.  9. 

9.  Leaves  loosely  hairy  or  woolly  beneath.  10. 
Leaves  not  woolly.  12. 

10.  Leaves  rough  above:  twigs  rough-hairy.          C.  asperifolia. 
Leaves  smooth  above.  11. 

11.  Leaves  rather  lanceolate.  C.  Baileyi. 
Leaves  rounded,  acuminate:    twigs  greenish.       C.  rugosa. 

12.  Twigs  rather  gray,  cymes  elongated.  C.  racemosa. 
Twigs  green  turning  yellow:  cymes  flat.   C.  alba  flaviramea. 
Twigs  very  red  or  purple  in  winter:  cymes  flat.  13. 

13.  Twigs  red.  14. 

Twigs  purple.  C.  alba  Kesselringii. 

14.  Rather  erect:   buds  elongated   (5-8  mm.  including 

stalk) :  twigs  bright  red.  C.  alba  sibirica. 

Drooping  and  rooting:  lateral  buds  nearly  s'essile,  short 

(3  mm.):  twigs  rather  purplish.  C.  stolonifera. 


NYSSACEAE  111 


ATJCUBA. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  moderate  twigs;  alternate  moder- 
ate glossy  leaves;  small  dioecious  4-merous  polypetalous  pani- 
cled  flowers;  and  typically  red  1-seeded  drupes. 

1.  Not  variegated.  A.  japonica. 
Yellow-margined.                                       A.  japonica  limbata. 
Yellow-mottled.  2. 

2.  Mottling  rather  uniform  and  fine.       A.  japonica  variegata. 
Central  yellow  spot  large.  3. 

3.  Without  smaller  spots.  A.  japonica  bicolor. 
With  scattered  smaller  spots.          A.  -japonica  latimaculata. 

Family  NYSSACEAE.    Tupelo  Family. 

A  very  small  family  yielding  the  important  tupelo-gum  or 
black-gum  lumber;  the  following  one  of  the  best  of  autumn 
coloring  trees. 

NYSSA.    Tupelo. 

Deciduous  moderate-sized  trees  with  pale  close  wood  with 
minute  diffused  ducts  and  very  close  fine  medullary  rays; 
moderately  slender  or  rather  stout  terete  twigs;  rounded  con- 
tinuous pith  with  firmer  diaphragms;  alternate  somewhat  rais- 
ed broadly  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no 
stipule-scars;  rounded  or  ovoid  sometimes  superposed  buds 
with  several  exposed  scales;  moderately  large  petioled  leaves; 
sometimes  imperfect  small  polypetalous  or  apetalous  flowers 
axillary  or  in  stalked  head-like  clusters;  and  rather  small 
sometimes  very  acid  blue  or  black  inferior  drupes. 
Leaves  glossy,  entire,  ( Pepper idge).  N.  sylvatica. 

Family  ARALIACEAE.    Aralia  Family. 

A  rather  small  family  of  little  use  except  for  plantations. 
The  ivy  is  traditionally  the  best  climbing  plant  where  it  can 
endure  the  climate. 


112  ABALIACEAE 

ACANTHOPANAX. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  stiff  sparingly  branched  trees  with 
more  or  less  prickly  bark;  pale  soft  wood  with  a  single  ring  of 
large  ducts  each  year  and  tangential  wavy  wood-parenchyma 
bands;  rounded  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  ovoid  buds 
with  several  scales;  crescent-shaped  or  linear  leaf  scars  with  5 
or  more  bundle-traces;  digitate  or  palmately  lobed  moderate 
sized  leaves,  often  clustered  on  spurs;  small  often  monoecious 
greenish  polypetalous  flowers  in  umbels  or  panicles;  and  small 
berry-like  fruit  crowned  by  the  calyx-teeth.  (Aralia). 

1.  Leaves  simple:  a  tree.  A.  ricinifolius. 
Leaves  digitately  compound:   shrubs.  2. 

2.  Leaves  green.  A.  pentaphyllus. 
Variegated.                                       A.  pentaphyllus  variegatus. 

ARALIA.     Hercules'  Club. 

Deciduous  large  coarse  shrubs  or  arborescent  (herbaceous 
in  other  species),  with  very  stout  prickles;  brownish  zoned 
wood  with  small  ducts,  more  crowded  in  the  spring  growth 
and  slightly  tangentially  seriate  later,  and  fine  but  distinct 
medullary  rays;  large  crenate  homogeneous  pale  pith;  very 
stout  terete  twigs;  alternate  large  U-shaped  or  linear  leaf- 
scars  half  encircling  the  stem,  with  numerous  bundle-traces  in 
a  single  series;  no  stipule-scars;  rounded  buds  with  few 
pointed  scales;  very  large  decompound  leaves;  small  white 
polypetalous  perfect  flowers  in  large  showy  panicles;  and 
small  inferior  berries. 
Leaves  prickly:  leaflets  stalked,  whitened  and  glabrate 

beneath,  with  upcurved  veins.  (Tear  blanket).  A.  spinosa. 
Leaves  nearly  unarmed:  leaflets  nearly  sessile,  pubescent, 

with  straight  veins.   (Dimorphanthus).         A.  chinensis. 

HEDEKA.    Ivy. 

Evergreen  shrubs,  climbing  by  aerial  roots,  with  pale 
wood  with  minute  ducts  rather  crowded  in  spring  and  tangen- 
tially seriate  in  summer,  and  very  coarse  medullary  rays  in- 
terspersed between  the  more  numerous  finer  ones;  moderate 


CLETHBACEAE  113 

roundish  twigs;  rounded  spongy  pale  pith;  alternate  somewhat 
raised  U-shaped  leaf-scars  with  5  bundle-traces;  no  stipule- 
scars;  ovoid  sessile  buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  broadly 
ovate  palmately  lobed  (or,  on  fruiting  plants  and  capable  of 
being  propagated  separately  as  a  bush,  H.  Helix  arborea,  lance- 
olate and  unlobed)  moderate  leaves;  small  perfect  greenish 
polypetalous  flowers  in  panicled  umbels;  and  few-seeded  in- 
ferior berries. 
Leaves  of  young  plants  usually  5-lobed,  pale-veined.  H.  Helix. 

Family  CLETHRACEAE.     Pepper  Bush  Family. 
A  very  small  family  of  no  considerable  importance:   the 
following  rather  effective  in  shrubberies. 

CLETHRA.  Pepper  Bush.  White  Alder. 
Usually  deciduous  shrubs  with  flaking  bark;  brownish 
wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  close  relatively  heavy 
medullary  rays;  moderate  angled  twigs;  angled  homogeneous 
pale  pith;  alternate  low  crescent-  or  shield-shaped  small  leaf- 
scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  small  hairy  buds  stalked  or  usually 
developing  the  first  season;  moderately  large  toothed  short- 
stalked  leaves;  small  perfect  cup-shaped  polypetalous  flowers 
in  elongated  terminal  clusters;  and  small  rounded  capsules. 

1.  Leaves  scarcely  widened  upwards.  C.  acuminata. 
Leaves  widest  above  the  middle:  stamens  glabrous.  2. 

2.  Leaves  glabrate.  3. 

Leaves  persistently  stellate-hairy  "beneath.       C.  tomentosa. 

3.  Flowers  white.  C.  alnifolia. 
Flowers  rosy.                                                     C.  alnifolia  rosea. 

Family  PYROLACEAE.     Shin-leaf  Family. 
A  small  family  of  evergreen  herbs  of  no  economic  value 
but  sometimes  effective  as  undershrubs  and  among  the  most 
attractive  of  the  small  plants  of  the  woods. 

CHIMAPHILA.     Pipsiss'ewa. 

Scarcely  woody  evergreens  with  short  simple  erect  stems; 
few  rather  lanceolate  toothed  moderate-sized  more  or  less  clus- 


114  ERICACEAE 

tered  firm  subsessile  leaves;  1  or  few  saucer-shaped  polypetal- 
ous  pale  flowers  on  a  terminal  stalk,  rather  large  for  the  size 
of  the  plant ;   and  depressed  5-lobed  capsules. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  green.     (Prince's  pine).          C.  umbellata. 
Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  white-veined.   C.  maculata. 

MONESES.    One-flowered  Shin-leaf. 

Small  perennial  low  evergreen  with  several  small  crenate 
wing-petioled  leaves  clustered  at  end  of  short  erect  herbaceous 
stems;  perfect  white  or  rosy  open  polypetalous  flowers  solitary 
on  a  terminal  scape;  and  subglobose-depressed  many-seeded 
capsules. 
Leaves  round-ovate  or  obovate,  cuneate.  M.  uniflora. 

PYROLA.     Shin-leaf. 

Evergreen  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  several  clustered 
long-stalked  nearly  entire  almost  basal  leaves;  relatively  large 
whitish  polypetalous  perfect  open  flowers  in  a  long-stalked  ra- 
ceme; and  depressed  small  many-seeded  capsules  dehiscing 
from  the  base. 

1.  Leaves  distributed  on  the  stem,  small.  P.  secunda. 
Leaves  essentially  basal.     2. 

2.  Often  broader  than  long.  3. 

Mostly  longer  than  broad,  dull.  P.  elliptica. 

3.  Small  (2-3  cm.) :  flowers  greenish.  P.  chlorantha. 
Larger  (4  cm.),  or  glossy.  4. 

4.  Flowers  rosy.  P.  asarifolia. 
Flowers  white.  P.  americana. 

Family  ERICACEAE.     Heath  Family. 

A  large  family,  chiefly  shrubs,  producing  the  blueberries, 
huckleberries  and  cranberries1  of  the  market  and  the  "brier- 
wood"  (bois  de  bruyere)  of  which  tobacco  pipes  are  made. 
The  Cape  heaths  and  Ghent  azaleas  are  among  the  most  popular 
of  winter-blooming  woody  plants  handled  by  florists;  and  the 
rhododendrons  are  among  the  most  showy  open-air  shrubs. 


ERICACEAE  115 

LEDUM.    Labrador  Tea. 

Small  evergreen  bog-shrubs  with  slender  terete  twigs; 
somewhat  3-sided  brown  continuous  pith;  alternate  minute 
crescent-shaped  or  2-lobed  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle  trace; 
no  stipule-scars;  minute  round  sessile  lateral  buds  and  larger 
ovoid  terminal  buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  elliptical- 
oblong  leaves,  revolute  and  rusty-tomentose  beneath  in  the 
eastern  species;  small  open  perfect  nearly  polypetalous  white 
flowers  in  short  terminal  clusters;  and  small  many-seeded 
capsules  dehiscent  at  the  base. 

Leaves  subelliptical,  rather  broad.  L.  groenlandicum. 

Leaves  linear,  narrow.  L.  palustre. 

RHODODENDRON. 

Evergreen  or  deciduous1  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  hard 
brownish  wood  with  minute  ducts,  rather  more  crowded  in 
spring,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rounded  slender  or  stout 
twigs;  rounded  or  angular  continuous  pith;  alternate  crescent- 
shaped  or  transverse  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule- 
scars;  ovoid  sometimes  very  large  buds  with  a  number  of 
exposed  scales;  entire  or  ciliate  lanceolate  petioled  leaves; 
perfect  showy  clustered  mostly  gamopetalous  flowers;  and 
small  more  or  less  elongated  capsules.  Azalea  and  Rhodora  are 
considered  separate  genera  sometimes. 

1.  Leaves  thick,  evergreen.   (Rhododendron).  2. 
Leaves  thin,  mostly  deciduous.   (Azalea;  Rhodora).  4. 

2.  Leaves  tapering  to  apex  and  base:  pedicels  glandular.  3. 
Leaves  rounded  at  ends;  pedicels  downy.      R.  catawbiense. 

3.  Flowers  rosy-white,  spotted.  R.  maximum. 
Flowers  white.         .                                     R.  maximum  album. 
Flowers  purplish.                              R.  maximum  purpureura. 

4.  Bud-scales  two  to  four.  5. 
Bud-scales  many.  6. 

5.  Leaves  deciduous.  R.  indieuin. 
Leaves  evergreen.  R.  Simsii. 


116  ERICACEAE 

6.  Corolla  glabrous,  with  very  short  tube.  7. 
Corolla  pubescent,  funnel-shaped.  (Azalea).  8. 

7.  Corolla  evidently  2-lipped.   (Rhodora).  R.  canadense. 
Corolla  scarcely  2-lipped,  upper  lobes  spotted.      R.  Vaseyi. 

8.  Corolla  not  glandular.  9. 
Corolla  glandular-pubescent.  10. 

9.  Flowers  yellow  or  flame  color.  R.  sinense. 
Flowers  white  or  pink.                                        R.  nudiflorum. 

10.  Flowers  white  or  rosy.  11. 
Flowers  yellow  or  flame-colored.  13. 

11.  Twigs  glabrate:  flowers  after  the  leaves.        R.  arborescens. 
Twigs  pubescent  or  rough-hairy.  12. 

12.  Buds  glabrous:  flowers  after  the  leaves.  R.  viscosum 
Buds  and  leaves  pubescent.                                R.  canescens. 

13.  Twigs  glabrous  or  with  stiff  hairs.  Hardy.  14. 

Twigs  pubescent.     Tender.  R.  gandavense. 

14.  Yellow  predominating  in  flowers.  R.  calendulaceum. 
Orange  predominating.                R.  calendulaceum  croceum. 

MENZIESIA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  shredding  bark;  rather  soft  wood 
with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender 
subterete  twigs;  3-sided  brownish  continuous  pith;  alternate 
somewhat  raised  triangular  or  shield-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a 
single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  small  round  buds  with 
several  exposed  scales,  or  the  upper  ovoid  and  larger;  lance- 
elliptical  moderately  small  entire  short-petioled  leaves  cluster- 
ed at  end;  relatively  large  urn-shaped  gamopetalous  perfect 
flowers  loosely  clustered  above;  and  small  ovoid  capsules. 
Leaves  rough-hairy  above:  capsules  glandular.  M.  pilosa. 

Leaves  smooth:    capsules  glabrate.  M.  glabella. 

LEIOPHYLLUM.     Sand  Myrtle. 

Small  evergreen  shrubs  with  shredding  bark;  slender  sub- 
terete  twigs;  minute  continuous  3-sided  pith;  sub-opposite 
minute  crescent-shaped  raised  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle- 
trace;  no  stipule-scars;  minute  appressed  pointed  buds  with 
indistinct  scales;  small  elliptical  glabrous  entire  leaves;  small 


ERICACEAE  117 

cup-shaped    perfect     white   polypetalous   flowers    clustered    at 
ends  of  the  branches;   and  small  many-seeded  capsules  dehis- 
cent from  the  top.   (Dendrium). 
Leaves  revolute,  on  appressed  petioles.  L.  buxifolium. 

LOISELEURIA. 

Low  matted  evergreen  shrubs  with  small  opposite  crescent- 
shaped  raised  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule 
scars;  small  appressed  buds  with  indistinct  scales;  small  ellip- 
tical glabrous  entire  leaves;  few  small  cup-shaped  gamopeta- 
lous  perfect  white  or  rosy  flowers  with  5  stamens;  and  snu.il 
many-seeded  capsules  dehiscent  from  the  top.  (Chamaccistus) . 
Leaves  revolute,  on  divergent  petioles.  L.  procumbens. 

KALMIA.    American  Laurel. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  hard  brownish  wood  with  minute 
diffused  pores  and  rather  fine  unequal  medullary  rays;  some- 
what angular  continuous  pith;  moderate  or  slender  twigs; 
crescent-  or  shield-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace; 
small  buds  with  about  2  exposed  scales;  no  stipule-scars;  sin> 
ple  leaves  rather  crowded  at  end  of  the  season's  growth;  wheel- 
shaped  gamopetalous  flowers  with  the  anthers  at  first  held  in 
pockets  in  the  corolla;  and  small  capsules. 

1.  Leaves  large  (8-10  cm=  long),  alternate.  K.  latifolia. 
Leaves  smaller  (scarcely  6  cm.),  opposite  or  whorled.    2. 

2.  Twigs  rounded:   leaves  stalked.  K.  angustifolia. 
Twigs  2-edged:  leaves  nearly  stalkless,  glaucous.  K.  Folifolia. 

PHYLLODOCE.     Mountain  Heath. 

Small  matted  evergreen  shrubs  with  alternate  raised  mi- 
nute crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  decurrent  on  the  twigs  as  ridges; 
a  single  minute  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  small  sessile 
oblong  flat  leaves;  small  purplish  gamopetalous  urn-shaped 
slender-stalked  terminal  flowers;  and  small  roundish  many- 
seeded  capsules. 

Leaves  minutely  serrulate,  obtuse.  P.  caerulea. 

CASSIOPE. 

Moss-like  trailing  evergreen  shrubs  with  slender  subterete 


118  ERICACEAE 

twigs;  more  or  less  flattened  spongy  pale  pith;  opposite  raised 
crescent-shaped  minute  leaf -scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace, 
no  stipule-scars;  minute  buds  usually  developing  thr  first 
season;  small  sessile  overlapping  leaves;  rather  small  slender- 
stalked  pale  deeply  parted  cup-shaped  gamopetalous  flowers  at 
end  of  the  branches;  and  round-ovoid  small  capsules. 
Leaves  linear,  acute,  upcurved.  C.  hypnoides. 

LETJCOTHOE. 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs  with  brown  wood  with 
minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays ;  slender  more 
or  less  3-sided  twigs;  small  somewhat  3-sided  continuous  pith; 
alternate  small  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars 
with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule  scars;  small  round  buds 
with  several  exposed  scales;  lance-elliptical  short-petioled  ser- 
rulate leaves;  perfect  urn-shaped  gamopetalous  white  flowers 
in  one-sided  racemes;  and  small  depressed-globose  many-seeded 
capsules. 

1.  Evergreen.     2. 
Deciduous.  3. 

2.  Leaves  acute  or  short-acuminate.  L.  ax  i  liar  is. 
Leaves  long-acuminate.                                             L.  Catesbaei. 

3.  Racemes  strongly  recurving.  L.  recurva. 
Racemes  not  recurved.                                               L.  racemosa. 

ANDROMEDA.     Bog  Rosemary. 

Evergreen  small  shrubs  with  rather  shredding  bark;  few 
slender  subterete  branches;  roundish  brown  homogeneous 
large-celled  pith;  alternate  at  first  raised  crescent-shaped  small 
leaf -scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  small  ovoid 
sessile  solitary  buds  with  2  exposed  scales;  entire  mostly  very 
revolute  narrow  leaves;  few  small  pink  or  white  perfect  urceo- 
late  gamopetalous  flowers  in  terminal  umbels;  and  subglobose 
small  many-seeded  capsules. 

Leaves  glabrous:   capsules  brown,  globose.  A.  Polifolia. 

White-tomentulose  beneath:  capsules  glaucous.  A.  glaucophylla. 


ERICACEAE  119 

LYONIA. 

Shrubs  with  brown  or  gray  smooth  or  fissured  bark;  slen- 
der  3-angled  twigs;  somewhat  angular  homogeneous  pith; 
alternate  low  crescent-shaped  or  half-round  leaf-scars  with  1 
bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  solitary  sessile  round-ovoid 
buds  with  about  2  exposed  scales ;  small  pale  perfect  urn-shaped 
gamopetalous  flowers  in  axillary  or  panicled  racemes;  and 
small  rounded  many-seeded  capsules. 

Evergreen.  L.  ferruginea. 

Deciduous.  L.  ligustrina. 

PIEEIS.    Stagger  Bush. 

Evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs  sometimes  with  shredding 
bark;  rather  slender  roundish  or  3-sided  twigs;  3-sided  con- 
tinuous pith;  alternate  raised  half-round  leaf-scars  with  a 
single  bundle  trace;  no  stipule-scars;  sessile  ovoid  buds  with 
several  exposed  scales;  lance-elliptical  entire  or  ciliate-serru- 
late  short-petioled  leaves;  rather  small  white  gamopetalous 
urceolate  perfect  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  forming  a 
terminal  panicle:  a,nd  small  round  or  flask-shaped  many-seeded 
capsules.  (Lyonia.  Xolisma). 

1.  Evergreen:  buds  compressed,  acute.     2. 

Deciduous:  buds  blunt,  with  about  5  scales.        P.  Mariana. 

2.  Twigs  and  petioles  sparsely  hairy.  P.  floribunda. 
Glabrous.  P.  nitida. 

CHAMAEDAPHNE.  Cassandra.  Leather  Leaf. 
Rather  small  evergreen  shrubs  with  somewhat  shredding 
bark;  slender  3-sided  twigs;  minute  3-sided  or  flattened  homo- 
geneous pale  pith;  alternate  low  roundish  margined  leaf-scars 
with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars,  small  rounded  buds  with 
several  ciliate  scales;  elliptical  rather  small  leathery  entire 
narrowly  revolute  subsessile  leaves1,  peltate-scurfy  beneath; 
pale  perfect  urceolate  short-stalked  gamopetalous  flowers  soli- 
tary in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves;  and  depressed- 
globose  small  capsules. 
1.  Leaves  oblong,  not  crisped.  2. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  crisped.    C.  calyculata  angustifolia, 


120  ERICACEAE 

2.  Over  30  cm.  high;  branches  rather  ascending.    C.  calyculata. 
Scarcely  30  cm.  high:  branches  horizontal.  C.  calyculata  nana. 

ENKIANTHTJS. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  rather  slender  terete  twigs  swollen 
and  leafy  at  tip;  somewhat  angled  brownish  continuous  pith; 
alternate  crescent-shaped  small  little-raised  leaf-scars  with  a 
single  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  scaly  terminal 
buds;  moderately  small  obovate-oblanceolate  petioled  entire  or 
serrulate  leaves;  rather  small  bell-  or  cup-shaped  gamopetalous 
perfect  flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  and  small  oblong  capsules 
erect  on  long  slender  drooping  pedicels. 

Flowers  white:   pedicels  glabrous.  E.  perulatus. 

Flowers  red:  pedicels  loosely  hairy.  E.  campanulatus. 

OXYDENDRUM.        SourWOOd. 

Deciduous  small  trees  with  rather  soft  wood  with  numer 
ous  small  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slen- 
der rounded  or  3-sided  twigs;  roundish  continuous  pale  pith; 
alternate  somewhat  raised  half-round  leaf-scars  with  a  single 
large  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  roundish  buds  with  about 
3  exposed  scales;  moderate  petioled  entire  or  serrulate  acid 
leaves;  perfect  small  urn-shaped  white  gamopetalous  flowers, 
one-sided  on  the  branches  of  loose  terminal  panicles;  and 
small  oblong  many-seeded  capsules  erect  on  the  pedicels. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate.  O.  arboreum. 

EPIGAEA.     Trailing  Arbutus. 

Evergreen  small  trailing  half-shrubs  with  rather  flaking 
bark;  moderately  slender  brown  bristly  terete  twigs;  roundish 
spongy  pith;  alternate  moderate-sized  firm  somewhat  revolute 
entire  leaves  on  bristly  stalks;  more  or  less  imperfect  rela- 
tively large  fragrant  pinkish  funnel-shaped  gamopetalous 
flowers  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  shoots;  and  round  many- 
seeded  capsules — infrequently  seen. 
Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  often  cordate.  ( Mayflower ).E.repens 


ERICACEAE  121 

GAULTHERIA.     Wintergreen. 

Underground  trailing  plants  with  erect  scarcely  woody 
short  stems  few-leaved  at  top,  or  shrubs,  with  rather  3-sided 
branches;  alternate  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped  or  sub- 
elliptical  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid 
solitary  buds  with  several  pairs  of  scales;  slightly  revolute 
more  or  less  toothed  short-stalked  leaves;  pinkish  urceolate 
perfect  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  axillary;  and  thin- 
walled  capsules  in  fleshy  berry  like  calyx. 

1.  Erect  stems  short  and  simple,  few-leaved.      G.  procumbens. 
Bushy.     2. 

2.  Leaves  round  or  cordate  at  base:  fruit  blackish.    G.  Shall  on. 
Leaves  cuneate:  fruit  blue.  G.  Veitchiana. 

ERICA.     Heath. 

Usually  delicate  evergreen  shrubs  with  brown  close  wood 
with  minute  diffused  ducts,  sometimes  sparser  in  autumn,  and 
fine  medullary  rays;  slender  twigs  with  raised  round  leaf -scars 
with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  small  solitary  budn; 
small  narrow  spreading  short-stalked  leaves  decurrent  as 
raised  ridges  on  the  stem;  small  perfect  urn-shaped  mostly 
pinkish  gamopetalous  flowers  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches;  and  small  roundish  capsules  with  small  seeds. 

1.  Leaves  bristly,  in  whorls  of  4.  E.  Tetralix 
Leaves  not  bristly.     2. 

2.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  4:  stamens  protruding.  E.  carnea 
Leaves  in  whorls  of  3:  stamens  not  protruding.      E.  cinerea. 

CALLUNA.     Heather.     Ling. 

Delicate  small  evergreen  shrubs  with  slender  terete  twigs; 
minute  angular  homogeneous  pith;  opposite  roundish  minute 
leaf -scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  very  small 
acutely  auricled  sessile  entire  overlapping  leaves;  minute 
rounded  solitary  buds  with  few  scales,  generally  developing 
the  first  season;  small  perfect  deeply  parted  white  or  reddish 
gamopetalous  flowers  along  the  branches  in  a  feathery  tuft, 
drying  on  the  stem;  and  small  rounded  4-celled  capsules. 


122  ERICACEAE 

1.  Neither  matted  nor  prostrate.     2. 

With  spreading  or  prostrate  branches.  C.  vulgaris  prostratu. 
Forming  low  dense  mats.  C.  vulgaris  naiia. 

2.  Gray-woolly.  C.  vulgaris  hirsuta. 
Not  gray-woolly.     3. 

3.  Flowers  white.     4. 
Flowers  pink  or  red.    5. 

4.  Flowering  in  early  autumn.  C.  vulgaris  alba. 
Flowering  very  late.      t                               C.  vulgaris  Searlei. 

5.  Flowers  pink  or  rosy.    6. 

Flowers  carmine.  C.  vulgaris  rubra. 

6.  Flowers  single.  C.  vulgaris. 
Flowers  double.                                                  C.  vulgaris  plena. 

CHIOGENES.     Moxie  Plum. 

Delicate  trailing  evergreen  shrubs  with  very  slender  sub- 
terete  twigs,  minute  roundish  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  low 
half-round  or  crescent-shaped  minute  leaf-scars  with  a  single 
bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  minute  flattened  buds;  small 
broad  pointed  subsessile  leaves;  small  pale  perfect  cup-shaped 
gamopetalous  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  and  berry-like  fruit. 
Stem  rough:  leaves  glabrous  above,  revolute.  C.  hispidula. 

GAYLUSSACIA.  Huckleberry. 

Rather  small  mostly  deciduous  shrubs  with  roundish  slen- 
der twigs;  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith;  alternate  small 
low  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule- 
scars;  solitary  small  sessile  ovoid  buds  with  about  3  exposed 
scales;  simple  usually  entire  and  resinous-dotted  rather  small 
short-stalked  leaves;  small  perfect  often  reddish  urn-shaped 
gamopetalous  flowers;  and  berry-like  fruit  with  the  seeds  en- 
closed singly  in  core-like  small  shells. 

1.  Evergreen:  leaves  toothed:  not  resinous.          G.  brachycera. 
Deciduous:  leaves  entire.     2. 

2.  Glandular-pubescent:  leaves  green  beneath.  G.  dumosa. 
Not  glandular-pubescent.     3. 

3.  Leaves  sticky-resinous,  not  glaucous.     4. 

Leaves  pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath.  G.  frondosa. 


ERICACEAE  123 

4.  Fruit  black,  not  glaucous.  G.  baccata. 

Fruit  blue,  glaucous.  G.  baccata  glaucocarpa. 

Fruit  white  or  pink.  G.  baccata  leucocarpa. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.  Bearberry.  Manzanita. 
Evergreen  or  deciduous  low  shrubs  (as  here  considered) 
with  flaking  bark;  rather  slender  and  angled  twigs;  somewhat. 
3-sided  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  crescent- 
shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  com- 
pressed ovoid  small  solitary  buds  with  2-4  exposed  scales; 
small  simple- entire  .  (in  some  other  species  toothed)  short- 
petioled  leaves;  small  perfect  pink  or  white  urceolate  gamo- 
petalous  flowers  in  small  racemes;  and  rather  small  red  or 
black  berries. 

Trailing:  leaves  spatula te,  glabrate.  A.  Uva-ursi. 

Bushy:  leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  tomentose.        A.  tomentosa. 

VACCINIUM.     Blueberry. 

Usually  deciduous  shrubs  with  rather  hard  brownish  wood 
with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender 
angled  twigs;  small  angular  continuous1  pith;  alternate  raised 
small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace;  no 
stipule-scars;  small  ovoid  buds  with  about  2  exposed  scales; 
characteristically  oblanceolate  rather  small  petioled  leaves; 
perfect  open  or  bell-shaped  gamopetalous  whitish  flowers;  and 
rather  small  inferior  berries  with  small  seeds. — The  first  two 
species  (Cranberries)  are  often  separated,  as  Oxy coccus. 

1.  Evergreen:  leaves  small  (under  2.5  cm.  long).    2. 
Deciduous:  fruit  black  or  glaucous.    5. 

2.  Trailing  slender  vines:  leaves  very  small  (1  cm.  long).     3. 
Erect  or  more  or  less  matted  low  shrubs.     4. 

3.  Leaves  white  beneath:  fruit  under  10  mm.       V.  Oxycoccos. 
Leaves  less  whitened:  fruit  over  10  mm.      V.  macrocarpon. 

4.  Leaves  pointed,  serrulate:  fruit  blackish.        V.  Myrsinites. 
Leaves  blunt  or  notched,  entire:  fruit  red.      V.  Vitis-Idaea. 

5.  Leaves  blunt,  small  (1.5  cm.):  plant  low.      V.  uliginosum. 
Leaves  acute,  or  else  plants  distinctly  larger.    6. 


124  DlAl'ENSIACKAE 

6.  Leaves  glossy,  narrowly  revolute,  veiny.  V.  arboreum. 
Leaves  dull  or  else  not  revolute.     7. 

7.  Leaves  small   (scarcely  4  cm.):   twigs  granular.     8. 
Leaves  larger  (often  5  or  6  cm.  long).     9. 

8.  Loosely  villous:   twigs  subterete.  V.  canadense. 
Glabrous,  or  crisp-pubescent  in  lines.      V.  pennsylvanicum. 

9.  Twigs  somewhat  granular  or  wrinkled.     10. 

Twigs  not  granular:  leaves  veiny  beneath.    V.  stamineum. 

10.  Tall:   rather  persistently  hairy.  V.  corynibosum. 

Dwarf:   twigs  and  leaves  glabrescent.  V.  vacillans. 

Family  DIAPENSIACEAE. 

An  insignificant  small  family.    Galax  leaves  are  among  the 
autumnal  commodities  of  florists. 

DlAPENSIA.      , 

Evergreen  matted  low  alpine  plants  with  small  subopposite 
crowded  sessile  glabrous  oblong-spatulate  entire  leaves;  no 
stipules;  perfect  white  bell-shaped  gamopetalous  flowers,  large 
for  the  plant,  solitary  on  slender  scape-like  peduncles;  and 
ovoid  leathery  capsules  with  small  seeds. 
Leaves  revolute,  outcurved.  D.  lapponica. 

GALAX. 

Evergreen  acaulescent  herbs  with   clustered   long-stalked 
rounded  moderate  glossy  firm  leaves  bronzing  in  winter;  small 
and  inconspicuous  perfect  gamopetalous  racemed  flowers;  and 
small  capsules.- 
Leaves  wavy-margined,  blunt,  cordate.  G.  aphylla. 

PYXIDANTHERA.    Pyxie. 

Low  trailing  evergreen  suffruticose  plants  with  crowded  or 
alternate  small  sessile  entire  leaves;  numerous  small  white  or 
rosy  open  nearly  sessile  bell-shaped  gamopetalous  flowers;  and 
small  rounded  many-seeded  capsules. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  pointed.  P.  barbulata. 

Family  SAPOTACEAE.     Sapodilla  Family. 
A  chiefly  tropical  family  members   of  which  yield  gutta 


EBENACEAE  125 

percha,  a  number  of  tropical  fruits,  chicle,  etc.:  scarcely  useful 
in  planting. 

BUMELIA.    False  Buckthorn. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  armed  with  axillary  more 
or  less  leafy  thorns;  with  pale  hard  wood  with  occasional 
small  ducts  along  the  beginning  of  the  season's  growth,  very 
numerous  minute  ducts  forming  a  coarse  netted  pattern  in 
the  summer  wood,  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate 
roundish  twigs, woolly  when  young;  roundish  homogeneous  pale 
pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars 
with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  small  ovoid  sessile 
solitary  buds  with  several  exposed  scales;  simple  rather  ob 
lanceolate  moderate  short-stalked  leaves  often  clustered  on 
short  spurs;  small  perfect  gamopetalous  long-stalked  flowers 
clustered  on  the  spurs,  and  small  1-seeded  berry-like  fruit. 
Leaves  raised-veiny  beneath,  glabrous,  like  flowers.  B.  lycioides. 
Leaves  hairy  beneath,  like  flowers  and  pedicels.  B.  lanuginosa. 

Family  EBENACEAE.     Ebony  Family. 
A  chiefly  tropical  family  yielding  ebony  and  other  hard 
woods,  the  Japanese  persimmon,  etc.:    scarcely  of  decorative 
use. 

DIOSPYROS.     Persimmon. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  moderate-sized  trees  with  hard  brown- 
ish or  blackening  wood  with  small  diffused  ducts,  numerous 
fine  transverse  lines  of  wood-parenchyma  and  very  fine  medul- 
lary rays;  rather  slender  roundish  twigs;  somewhat  angled 
spongy  pith;  alternate  often  2-ranked  somewhat  raised  half- 
round  leaf-scars  with  1  crescent-shaped  bundle-trace;  no 
stipule-scars;  solitary  sessile  ovoid  buds  with  about  3  exposed 
scales;  rather  large  simple  entire  stalked  leaves;  small  cup- 
shaped  pale  axillary  polygamous  gamopetalous  flowers;  and 
large  fleshy  fruit  with  enlarged  sepals  at  the  base  and  con- 
taining several  large  seeds. 
Loosely  hairy:  leaves  often  cordate.  D.  virginiana. 


126  SYMPLOCACEAE 

Family  SYMPLOCACEAE. 
An  unimportant  small  family. 

SYMPLOCOS.    Sweet  Leaf. 

Deciduous  or  subevergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  pale 
wood  with  minute  scattered  ducts1  and  very  fine  medullary  rays ; 
slender  or  rather  stout  terete  twigs;  roundish  pith  with  firmer 
diaphragms;  alternate  low  half-round  leaf -scars  with  a  single 
curved  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  round  superposed  bud? 
with  several  exposed  scales;  moderately  small  short-petioled 
leaves;  small  perfect  somewhat  gamopetalous  yellow  flowers 
crowded  in  axillary  racemes;  and  dry  mostly  1-seeded  drupes. 
Leaves  deciduous,  thin,  serrate.  S.  paniculata. 

Leaves  half-evergreen,  firm,  entire.  S.  tinctoria. 

Family  STYRACACEAE.     Storax  Family. 
A  small  and  unimportant  family  except  for  the  following 
decorative  shrubs  or  small  trees. 

HALESIA.     Silver  Bell. 

Deciduous  small  trees  with  thin  shredding  bark;  brownish 
wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  very  fine  medullary  rays; 
moderate  roundish  twigs;  roundish  chambered  rather  small 
pith;  alternate  somewhat  raised  half-round  leaf-scars  with  a 
single  large  but  rather  indefinite  curved  bundle-trace;  no  sti- 
pule-scars; sessile  ovoid  sometimes  superposed  buds  wTith 
several  exposed  scales;  rather  large  petioled  leaves;  perfect 
gamopetalous  funnel-  or  bell-shaped  rather  large  white  flowers, 
slender-pedicelled  at  the  nodes;  and  hard  indehiscent  winged 
fruits.  (Mohrodendron). 

1.  Fruit  4-winged.     2. 

Fruit  2-winged.  H.  diptera. 

2.  Corolla  tapered  at  the  base.  H.  Carolina. 
Corolla  bell-shaped.                                    H.  Carolina  Meehani. 

STYBAX. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  pale  wood  with  small  crowded 
vernal  ducts,  minute  summer  ducts,  and  very  fine  medullary 


OLEACEAE  127 

rays;  rather  slender  terete  twigs;  small  rounded  continuous 
pith;  alternate  small  somewhat  raised  half-round  leaf-scars 
with  a  single  curved  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid 
appressed  superposed  buds  with  2-3  exposed  scales;  moderate 
short-petioled  nearly  entire  leaves;  rather  small  perfect  bell- 
shaped  gamopetalous  flowrers  in  leafy  racemes;  and  dry  lew- 
seeded  small  fruit. 

1.  Leaves  tomentose  beneath.  S.  grandifolia 
Leaves  glabrate  beneath.     2. 

2.  Pedicels  for  a  time  somewhat  scurfy.  S.  americana. 
Pedicels  glabrous.  S.  japonica. 

Family  OLEACEAE.     Olive  Family. 

A  moderate-sized  family  yielding  the  picklecl  olives  and 
olive-oil  of  commerce,  ash  lumber,  etc.,  and  including  a  num- 
ber of  the  most  prized  decorative  shrubs. 

FRAXINUS.     Ash. 

Deciduous  rather  large  trees  with  hard  white  or  brownish 
wood  with  a  crowded  vernal  zone  of  moderately  large  ducts, 
fewer  and  smaller  ducts  in  a  more  or  less  marked  transverse 
wavy  pattern  in  the  summer  wood,  and  numerous  fine  medul- 
lary rays;  rather  stout  more  or  less  compressed  twigs;  ellipti- 
cal or  6-sided  rather  large  pale  homogeneous  pith;  opposite 
large  low  shield-shaped  or  half-round  leaf-scars  with  many 
bundle-traces  in  a  single  aggregate  series;  no  stipule-scars; 
sessile  often  superposed  rounded  buds  with  1  or  2  exposed 
pairs  of  scales;  normally  odd-pinnate  large  stalked  leaves; 
small  mostly  imperfect  and  apetalous  flowers  in  lateral  clus 
ters;  and  winged  fruits. 

1.  Twigs  acutely  4-angled,  or  4-winged:   buds  gray: 

fruit  broad,  winged  all  around.  F.  quadrangulata. 

Twigs  not  acutely  angled.     2. 

2.  Buds  blue-black:  leaflets  sessile:  fruit  broad,  winged 

all  around.  (European  ash).     3.' 
Buds  brown:  leaflets  stalked:  fruit  narrow,  winged 
principally  at  the  end.     11. 


128 


F.  excelsior  monophylla. 


F.  excelsior  asplenifolia. 


F.  excelsior  nana. 


F.  excelsior  pendula. 

F.  excelsior  aurea  pendula. 

F.  excelsior  aurea. 

F.  excelsior. 

F.  excelsior  albo-variegata. 
F.  excelsior  albo-marginata. 


3.  Leaves  of  a  single  leaflet. 
Leaves  pinnate.    4. 

4.  Leaflets  deeply  cut. 
Leaflets  not  deeply  cut.     5. 

5.  Dwarf  and  shrubby. 
Trees.     6. 

6.  Weeping.    7. 
Not  weeping.     8. 

7.  Twigs  gray. 
Twigs  yellow. 

8.  Twigs  yellow. 
Twigs  gray.    9. 

9.  Leaves  green. 
Leaves  variegated.     10. 

10.  Leaves  with  white  center. 
Leaves  with  white  margin. 

11.  Leaves  whitened  beneath:  fruit  rather  stout,  scarcely 

wing-margined:  leaf-scars  concave  at  top.     12. 
Leaves  merely  lighter  green  beneath:  fruit  slender, 
the  narrow  wing  continuing  to  the  base:   scar- 
margin  not  concave.    14. 

12.  Glabrous.     13. 

More  or  less  velvety.  F.  Biltmoreana. 

13.  Leaves  uniformly  green  above.  (White  ash).  F.  americana. 
Leaves  white-margined.  F.  americana  albo-marginata. 

14.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so.   (Green  ash).  F.  lanceolata. 
Twigs  velvety.   (Red  ash).                            F.  pennsylvanica. 

FONTANESIA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  slender  4-winged  twigs;  round  ho- 
mogeneous pale  pith;  opposite  or  obliquely  opposite  raised 
small  crescent-shaped  leaf -scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  no  sti- 
pule-scars; alternate  round  ovoid  solitary  sessile  buds  usually 
with  2  or  3  pairs  of  exposed  scales;  simple  glossy  moderately 
small  short-stalked  leaves;  small  whitish  perfect  flowers  clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  and  rather  small  winged 
hard  fruits. 


OLEACEAJS  120 

Leaves  quite  entire.  F.  Fortunei. 

Leaves  rough-margined  or  minutely  toothed.     F.  phillyraeoides. 

FOBSYTHIA.     Golden  Bell. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  moderately  slender  elongated  some- 
times scrambling  or  rooting  branches,  often  green  until  aut- 
umn; with  roundish  excavated  or  chambered  pale  pith;  oppo- 
site or  occasionally  whorled  somewhat  spreading  narrowly 
ovoid  buds,  superposed  and  generally  branching  collaterally  so 
as  to  i'orm  axillary  clusters  in  autumn,  with  several  exposed 
scales;  rather  raised  small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1 
bundle-trace;  lanceolate  to  ovate  slightly  fleshy  mostly  serrate 
leaves,  simple  or  in  the  broader  forms  digitately  3-lobed  or  3- 
foliolate;  showy  yellow  short-tubed  perfect  gamopetalous 
flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  and  small  2-celled  capsules  with 
winged  seeds. 

1.  Leaves  elongated:  twigs  green:  pith  chambered.     2. 
Leaves  broad,  often  3-lobed  or  3-foliolate,  toothed.     4. 

2.  Leaves  neither  lobed  nor  divided,  entire  below.    3. 
Leaves  in  part  lobed  t>r  divided,  on  shoots.  X  F.  intermedia. 

3.  Leaves  green.  F.  viridissima. 
Leaves  variegated  with  white.        F.  viridissima  variegata. 

4.  Essentially  glabrous.     5. 

Leaves  downy,  at  least  beneath.  F.  suspensa  pubescens. 

5.  Bushy  or  spreading.     6. 

Scrambling,  or  spreading  and  drooping.  F.  suspensa. 

6.  Shoots  rather  stout  and   upright.     7. 

Shoots  slender,  rooting  at  the  end.        F.  suspensa  Sieboldii. 

7.  Leaves  rarely  of  3  leaflets;  pith  for  a  time  chambered 

near  the  nodes.  X  F.  intermedia. 

Leaves  frequently  3-foliolate:   pith  entirely  excavated 
except  at  the  nodes.     8. 

8.  Shoots  and  foliage  green.     9. 

Shoots  and  young  foliage  purplish.     F.  suspensa  atrocaulis. 

9.  Leaves  green:  growth  rather  erect.        F.  suspensa  Fortunei. 
Leaves  variegated  with  yellow.  F.  suspensa  variegata. 


130  OLKACEAE 

SYRINGA.     Lilac. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  pale  wood  with  small  ducts,  some- 
what larger  and  more  crowded  in  spring,  and  fine  but  distinct 
medullary  rays;  round  twigs  somewhat  compressed  or  fluted 
beneath  the  nodes  or  rather  4-angled;  roundish  continuous 
pith;  opposite  crescent-shaped  somewhat  raised  leaf-scars  with 
a  transverse  compound  bundle-trace;  ovoid  sessile  buds,  the 
terminal  usually  wanting,  with  several  pairs  of  scales;  rather 
ovate  petioled  leaves,  entire  or  pinnately  lobed  or  dissected; 
small  salver-  or  funnel-shaped  perfect  gamopetalous  flowers  in 
ample  panicles;  and  2-valved  oblong  flattened  few-seeded  cap- 
sules. 

1.  Leaves  rough-margined,  whitened  beneath:  buds  large, 

with  brown  scales:  twigs  warty.  S.  villosa. 

Leaves  scarcely  rough-margined.     2. 

2.  Leaves  pale  beneath:  calyx  white.  v  S.  amiirensis. 
Leaves  green  beneath.     3. 

3.  Leaves  cordate:  buds  round-ovoid,  red  or  green.     S.  vulgaris. 
Leaves  acute  at  base:  buds  pointed,  brown.     4. 

4.  Leaves  elongated-ovate.     (Rouen  lilac).  X  S.  chinensis. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate.     5. 

5.  Leaves  not  lobed     (Persian  lilac).  S.  persica. 
Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  lobed.                 S.  persica  laciniata. 

FORESTIERA.     Swamp  Privet. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  rather  hard  white 
wood  with  minute  diffused  ducts  and  very  fine  medullary  rays; 
more  or  less  4-sided  often  pungent  twigs;  roundish  homogene- 
ous pith;  opposite  somewhat  raised  small  transversely  ellipti- 
cal or  lens-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1  rather  large  bundle-trace; 
no  stipule-scars;  superposed  rounded  sessile  buds  with  2  or  3 
pairs  of  exposed  scales;  simple  stalked  yellowish  flowers  in 
nearly  sessile  lateral  clusters;  and  rather  small  drupes  pointed 
at  both  ends.  (Adelia). 

Twigs  glabrous.  F.  acuminata. 

Twigs  pubescent.  F.  -ligustrina. 


OLEACEAE  13  i 

CHIONANTHUS.    Fringe  Tree. 

Large  shrubs  with  white  wood  with  about  1  ring  of  small 
vernal  ducts,  broad  radial  or  flame-shaped  wood-parenchyma 
pattern  in  summer,  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  more  or  less 
4-sided  or  4-lined  rather  stout  warty  twigs;  compressed  or 
angled  homogeneous  pale  pith;  opposite  raised  and  often  decur- 
rent  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  crescent-shaped  aggre- 
gate bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  round-ovoid  superposed 
sessile  buds  with  a  number  of  pungently  pointed  exposed 
scales;  simple  rather  large  petioled  entire  leaves;  perfect  or 
polygamous  4-merous  flowers  with  long  white  nearly  separate 
corolla  lobes,  in  more  or  less-  leafy  axillary  clusters;  and 
purple  drupes. 

Leaves  acuminate,  glabrate.  C.  virginica. 

Leaves  not  acuminate:  petioles  hairy.  C.  retusa. 

OSMANTHUS.     Fragrant  Olive. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  pinkish  close  wood 
with  few  uniform  minute  ducts  in  a  flame-like  pattern  and  very 
fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slender  somewhat  compressed 
twigs;  roundish  continuous  pith;  opposite  rather  small  shield- 
shaped  slightly  raised  leaf-scars  with  a  crescent-shaped  com- 
pound bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  spreading  ovoid  or  coni- 
cal sessile  buds,  sometimes  superposed,  with  2  exposed  scales; 
rather  large  leathery  lanceolate  petioled  leaves;  small  some- 
times1 imperfect  openly  conical  gamopetalous  white  flowers  in 
small  axillary  panicles;  and  small  1-seeded  drupes. 

1.  Leaves  pointed  at  both  ends.     2. 

Leaves  blunt  at  base,  serrulate:  petiole  channeled.  O.fragrans. 

2.  Leaves  entire.  O.  americanus. 
Leaves  holly-like.  O.  Aquifolium. 

LIGUSTRUM.     Privet. 

Deciduous  or  half-evergreen  shrubs  with  pale  or  smoky 
wood  with  small  diffused  ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather 
slender  roundish  or  compressed  twigs;  -roundish  homogeneous 
pale  pith;  somewhat  raised  opposite  roundish  or  transversely 
elliptical  leaf -scars  with  one  compound  bundle-trace;  no  stipule- 


132  LOG  AN  i  ACE  AE 

scars;  solitary  sessile  ovoid  buds  with  about  2  pairs  of  exposed 
scales;  simple  entire  very  short-stalked  moderately  small 
leaves;  perfect  small  white  shortly  salver-shaped  gamopetalous 
flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  and  berry-like  usually  black  fruit. 

1.  Leaves  glabrate:  fruit  glossy,  rather  large  (8  mm.), 

in  large  clusters.     2. 

Leaves  often  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  on  the  mid- 
rib: fruit  dull,  rather  small  (5  mm.),  in  small 
clusters  surpassed  by  the  shoots.  3. 

2.  Twigs  glabrous:  fruit  round:  leaves  subelliptic.  L.ovalifolium. 
Twigs  puberulent:  fruit  ovoid:  leaves  oblong.      L.  vulgare. 

3.  Habit  erect:   calyx  glabrate.     4. 

Habit  spreading:  calyx  usually  puberulent.     5. 

4.  Leaves  acute  at  both  ends.  L.  acuminatuni. 
Leaves  rather  blunt.  L.  amurense. 

5.  Tall,  with  curving  branches.  L.  Ibota. 
Dwarf,  with  horizontal  branches.          L.  Ibota  Regelianum. 

JASMINUM.    Jessamine. 

Shrubs,  sometimes  scrambling,  with  white  wood  with  small 
ducts  crowded  in  spring  but  sparser  and  much  smaller  in  sum- 
mer, and  fine  medullary  rays1;  slender  mostly  angled  twigs; 
round  often  chambered  pith ;  opposite  or  alternate  but  4-ranked 
somewhat  raised  small  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single 
bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  round  or  ovoid  or  spin- 
dle-shaped sessile  buds;  odd-pinnate  or  by  reduction  appar- 
ently simple  petioled  leaves;  fragrant  salver-shaped  gamopet- 
alous perfect  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  and  2-seeded  berries. 

1.  Leaves  evidently  compound.     2. 

Leaves  of  1  leaflet.  J.  pubescens. 

2.  Leaves  opposite.     3. 

Leaves  alternate.  J.  humile. 

3.  Flowers  white.     4. 

Flowers  yellow:  leaves  deciduous.  J.  nudiflorum. 

4.  Bushy.  j.  grandiflorum. 
Scrambling.  J.  officinale. 

Family  LOGANIACEAE.     Strychnine  Family. 
A  moderate  chiefly  tropical  family,  mainly  notable  as  af- 


A  roc  Y  N  A  CEAE  133 

fording  the  poison  strychnine:  the  following  attractive  climber 
is  medicinal. 

GELSEMIUM.    Carolina  Jessamine. 

Evergreen  twining  woody  plants  with  slender  twigs  some- 
what square  at  the  nodes;  roundish  spongy  or  excavated  white 
pith;  opposite  elevated  crescent-shaped  or  half-round  leaf -scars 
with  a  large  bundle-trace;  small  stipule-scars;  sessile  buds 
with  several  pairs  of  pointed  scales;  rather  small  short-petioled 
entire  leaves;  openly  funnel-shaped  rather  large  fragrant  yel- 
low gamopetalous  perfect  flowers  solitary  on  short  scaly  axil- 
lary shoots;  moderate  thin-walled  capsules;  and  relatively 
large  winged  seeds. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute.  G.  sempervirens. 

BUDDLEIA. 

Deciduous  half-shrubs  with  soft  wood  with  minute  diffused 
ducts  and  fine  medullary  rays;  slender  squarish  twigs;  4-sided 
homogeneous  pale  pith;  opposite  low  half-round  or  triangular 
leaf-scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  narrow  stipule-scars;  sessile 
ovoid  acute  somewhat  spreading  superposed  buds  with  usually 
2  exposed  scales;  simple  toothed  short-stalked  moderate 
leaves;  small  mostly  lavender  perfect  funnel-shaped  gamopet- 
alous flowers  in  clusters  ending  the  branches;  and  small  ovoid 
capsules  with  minute  seeds. 

1.  Branches  rather  erect.     2. 
Branches  spreading  or  drooping.    3. 

2.  Flower  clusters  straight.  B.  Lindleyana. 
Flower  clusters  drooping.                  X  B.  intermedia  insignis. 

3.  Leaves  white-  or  yellow-tomentose  beneath.  B.  Davidii. 
Leaves  glabrate  or  finely  gray-tomentose.    4. 

4.  Flowers  lilac,  in  clusters  scarcely  20  cm.  long.   B.  japonica. 
Flowers  violet, in  longer  clusters  (25-30 cm.).  XB. intermedia. 

Family  ASCLEPIADACEAE.    Milkweed  Family. 
A  moderate  widespread  family,  members  of  which  yield 
African  India  rubber:   one  Vinca  is  largely  used  in  bedding 
and  another  for  window-boxes. 


134  ASCLEPIADACEAE 

VINCA.     Periwinkle. 

Evergreen  trailing  herbs  with  opposite  petioled  rather 
small  leaves;  rather  large  perfect  funnel-  or  salver-shaped 
stalked  gamopetalous  flowers;  and  paired  cylindrical  follicles 
which  are  infrequently  seen. 

Leaves  lanceolate:  flowers  blue.  (Running  "myrtle").  V.  minor. 
Leaves  ovate,  over  5  cm.  long.  V.  major. 

Family  ASCLEPIADACEAE.     Milkweed  Family. 

A  moderate-sized  family,  chiefly  of  herbs  with  milky  sap, 

some  of  which  are  used  in  hardy  perennial  planting.     Hoya, 

the  waxflower,  and  Stapelia,  the  star-"cactus",  are  frequent  in 

greenhouses.  Stephanotis  is  a  favorite  climber  in  warm  regions. 

PEBIPLOCA.    Silk  Vine. 

Deciduous  twining  woody  plants  with  milky  sap;  round 
stems;  opposite  raised  round  leaf-scars  with  a  single  curved 
bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  small  hairy  buds  with  few 
scales;  moderate  entire  petioled  leaves;  rather  large  perfect 
purplish  gamopetalous  flowers  in  sparse  stalked  axillary  clus- 
ters'; slender  paired  follicles;  and  small  winged  seeds. 
Leaves  ovate,  round-based,  acuminate.  P.  graeca. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  P.  graeca  angustifolia. 

Family  POLEMONIACEAE.     Phlox  Family. 
A  rather  small  family  of  herbs,  much  used  as  hardy  peren- 
nials. 

PHLOX. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves;  gamopetalous 
salver-shaped  white  or  reddish  perfect  flowers1  in  sometimes 
panicled  cymes;  and  small  3-seeded  capsules.  The  following 
somewhat  woody  evergreen  matted  species  with  small  linear 
leaves  is  used  for  rockeries,  etc. 

Flowers  bluish  or  pink.  (Ground  pink).  P.  subulata. 

Flowers  white.  P.  subulata  alba. 

Family  VERBENACEAE.     Verbena  Family. 
A  moderately  small  family,  chiefly  of  woody  species  in  the 
tropics,  yielding  the  teak  lumber  used  in  ship-building.   Among 


VKUIIUNACKAK  135 

bedding  plants  Verbena  and  Lantana  are  familiar  examples — 
the  latter  a  bad  weed  in  Hawaii,  and  one  Clerodendron  is  a 
very  effective  greenhouse  climber. 

CLERODENDRON. 

Deciduous  half-woody  plants  with  rather  stout  terete  or 
compressed  twigs;  large  round  or  squarish  continuous  white 
pith;  opposite  somewhat  raised  subelliptical  leaf-scars,  some- 
times in  whorls  of  3,  with  about  10  small  bundle-traces  in  a 
single  U-shaped  group;  no  stipule-scars;  conical  superposed 
sessile  buds;  rather  large  ovate  long-petioled  often  serrate 
leaves;  perfect  salver-shaped  flowers  in  clustered  axillary 
corymbs,  with  showy  calyx  and  gamopetalous  corolla;  and 
drupe-like  fruit. 
Leaves  acuminate:  corolla  white.  C.  trichotomum. 

CABYOPTERIS. 

Deciduous  small  shrubs  with  slender  rounded  twigs; 
rounded  homogeneous  pale  pith;  opposite  low  crescent-shaped 
or  half-round  small  leaf-scars  with  1  transverse  bundle-trace; 
no  stipule-scars;  small  ovoid  sessile  solitary  buds  with  aboui 
4  exposed  scales;  petioled  coarsely  toothed  leaves1;  small  fun- 
nel-shaped perfect  gamopetalous  flowers  in  dense  stalked 
axillary  clusters;  and  small  dry  fruit  of  4  nutlets. 
Flowers  lavender  to  violet.  C.  incana. 

Flowers  white.  C.  incana  Candida. 

CALLICARPA.     French  Mulberry. 

Deciduous  small  shrubs  or  half-shrubs  with  slender  nearly 
terete  twigs;    rounded 'homogeneous  pale   pith;    opposite  low 
crescent-shaped    leaf-scars    with    1    bundle-trace;    no    stipule- 
scars;    oblong   acute   sessile    superposed    somewhat    spreading 
naked  buds;  simple  toothed  or  lobed  very  short-stalked  leaves; 
small  usually  pink  salver -shaped  gamopetalous  flowers  in  dense 
short-stalked  axillary  clusters;  and  small  often  purplish  berry- 
like  drupes  with  2-4  seed-like  kernels. 
1.  Leaves  woolly  beneath.     2. 
Leaves  not  woolly.     3. 


136  SOLANAjCEAE 

2.  Fruit  violet.  C.  americana. 
Fruit  white.  C.  americana  alba. 

3.  Leaves  rather  coarse-toothed.  C.  purpurea. 
Leaves  serrulate.     4. 

4.  Fruit  violet.  C.  japonica. 
Fruit  white.  C.  japonica  leucocarpa. 

VITEX.     Chaste  Tree. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  half-shrubs  with  soft  brown  wood 
with  small  ducts,  large  and  crowded  in  spring  but  decreasing 
and  diffused  in  summer,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slen- 
der 4-sided  or  4-lined  twigs;  relatively  large  continuous  white 
pith;  opposite  low  crescent-shaped  small  leaf-scars  with  a  sin- 
gle curved  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  rounded  sessile 
superposed  tomentose  buds  with  indistinct  scales;  digitate 
slender-petioled  leaves;  rather  small  perfect  typically  tubular 
gamopetalous  flowers  crowded  in  the  axils;  and  small  4-celled 
drupe-like  or  finally  dry  peppery-aromatic  fruits. 

1.  Leaflets  entire  or  low-serrate.     2. 

Leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid.  V.  Negundo  incisa. 

2.  Flowers  lavender.  V.  Agnus-Castus. 
Flowers  blue.  V.  Agnus-Castus  caerulea. 
Flowers  white.  V.  Agnus-Castus  alba. 

Family  SOLANACEAE.     Potato  Family. 
A  large  widespread    family,  chiefly  of  herbs,    containing 
such  important  species  as  potato,  tomato,  egg-plant,  capsicum, 
tobacco,  nightshade  and  henbane.     Schizanthus,  Petunia,  etc., 
are  much  grown  for  their  flowers. 

LVCIUM.    Matrimony  Vine. 

Deciduous  spreading  or  scrambling  shrubs  with  pale  bark; 
slender  often  spiny  angled  twigs;  somewhat  3-sided  continuous 
pale  pith;  alternate  raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  1 
bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars;  more  or  les&  multiple  sessile 
buds  with  few  exposed  scales;  simple  moderately  small  lance- 
olate entire  cuneately  subsessile  leaves;  moderate  shortly 
funnel-form  perfect  gamopetalous  axillary  flowers;  and  orange 
berries. 


Lea 


SCBOPHULABIACEAE  137 


ves  gray-green:  fruit  about  10  mm.  long.    L.  halimifolium. 
Leaves  bright  green:  fruit  often  20  mm.  long.          L.  chinense. 

SOLANUM. 

Usually  herbs,     (potato,  egg  plant,  etc.) ;     the    following 
(bittersweet)   a  soft-wooded  perennial    twining  climber    with 
alternate  leaves;  wheel-shaped  perfect  violet  flowers  in  stalked 
clusters  from  above  the  axils;  ami  ovoid  red  berries. 
Leaves  cordate  or  hastately  lobed  or  divided.      ,S.  Dulcamara. 

Family   SCROPHULARIACEAE.     Figwort  Family. 
A   large    family,    chiefly    herbaceous,    including    foxglove, 
snapdragon,  etc.,  of  the  gardens,  and  such  common  weeds  as 
mullein  and  speedwell.     The  following  is  a  street  tree  as  far 
north  as  Brooklyn. 


PAULO  WN  i  A. 

Deciduous  medium-sized  trees  with  rather  soft  brownish 
wood  with  small  ducts,  more  or  less  crowded  in  spring  and 
tangentially  seriate  in  summer,  and  fine  medullary  rays;  stout 
roundish  twigs  flattened  at  the  nodes;  roundish  large  pith, 
chambered,  or  excavated  between  the  nodes;  opposite  some- 
what raised  large  subelliptical  leaf-scars  with  numerous  bun- 
dle-traces in  a  single  series;  no  stipule-scars;  rounded  mostly 
superposed  buds  with  several  exposed  scales  ;  large  ovate 
petioled  leaves;  violet  gamopetalous  2-lipped  large  flowers  in 
terminal  panicles;  and  ovoid  capsules  with  winged  seeds. 
Leaves  cordate,  pubescent.  (Imperial  tree).  P.  tomentosa. 

Family  BIGNONIACEAE.     Bignonia  Family. 
A  rather  small  warm-region  family  including  many  woody 
climbers,  frequent  in  conservatories,  and  some  trees;  occasion- 
ally yielding  valuable  timber,  such  as  primavera. 

BIGNONIA.     Cross  Vine. 

More  or  less  evergreen  woody  plants,  climbing  by  leaf 
tendrils;  with  brownish  soft  wood  with  large  crowded  ducts 
in  spring,  minute  scattered  ducts  in  autumn,  and  unequal  med- 
ullary rays  of  which  4,  consisting  of  brown  cells,  may  be  con- 


Io8  BlGNONIACEAE 

spicuous  in  the  form  of  a  cross;  rather  slender  twigs  square  or 
somewnat  flattened  at  the  nodes;  rounded  mostly  excavated 
Pith;  opposite  hall-round  somewhat  raised  leaf -scars  with  i 
bundle- trace;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  sessile  not  superposed 
buds  with  several  pairs  of  loose  scales;  compound  leaves  with 
terminal  tendrils;  large  perfect  gamopetalous  flowers;  and 
large  flattened  capsules  with  winged  seeds. 

1.  Tendrils  ending  in  disks.     2. 

Tendrils  claw-like,  without  disks.  B.  Unguis-cati. 

2.  Flowers  reddish.  B.  capreolata. 
Flowers  purplish.                         B.  capreolata  atrosanguinea. 

CAMPSIS.     Trumpet  Creeper. 

Deciduous  woody  plants,  climbing  by  aerial  roots,  with 
moderate  roundish  twigs;  round  continuous  or  evanescent 
pith;  opposite  somewhat  raised  half-round  or  round  leaf -scars 
with  a  U-shaped  compound  bundle-trace;  no  stipule-scars; 
ovoid  sessile  buds  with  several  pairs  of  scales;  odd-pinnate 
leaves  with  toothed  leaflets;  large  perfect  trumpet-shaped 
gamopetalous  flowers;  and  compressed  pods  with  numerous 
winged  seeds.  (Tecoma). 

1.  Shrubby.  C.  radicans  speciosa. 
Climbing.     2. 

2.  Flowers  orange-red.  C.  radicans. 
Flowers  scarlet.                                 C.  radicans  atropurpurea. 

CATALPA.     Indian  Bean. 

Small  or  medium-sized  trees  with  rough  gray  bark;  brown 
rather  soft  but  durable  wood  with  moderately  large  ducts 
slightly  more  crowded  in  the  spring  growth  and  in  more  or 
less  evident  transverse  lines  later  in  the  season,  and  fine  med- 
ullary rays;  stout  roundish  twigs;  large  round  homogeneous 
pale  pith;  large  elliptical  more  or  less  raised  or  cup-shaped 
leaf-scars  usually  in  whorls  of  3  of  which  in  successive  whorls 
two  are  regularly  larger  and  smaller,  with  numerous  bundle- 
traces  confluent  in  an  ellipse;  no  stipule-scars;  rather  small 
rounded  solitary  sessile  buds  with  several  exposed  scales,  the 
terminal  bud  wanting;  simple  long-stalked  large  ovate  often 


RUBIACEAE  139 

cordate  entire  or  angled  rather  than  lobed  leaves;  large  spot- 
ted whitish  funnel-shaped  perfect  gamopetalous  flowers;  and 
long  cylindrical  2-valved  capsules  with  flat  seeds  long-ciliate 
from  the  ends. 

1.  Flowers  and  fruit  in  racemes.  C.  Bungei. 

Flowers  and  fruit  in  panicles.     2. 

(Pods  about  5  mm.  in  diameter:  leaves  mostly  angled: 
twigs  hairy.    3. 
Pods  about  8  mm.  in  diameter:  seeds  pointed:  leaves  rarely 
angled:   twigs  glabrous.     5. 
Pods  fully  10  mm.  in  diameter:   seeds  obliquely  truncate: 
leaves  often  angled.  (Warder's  catalpa).      C.  speciosa. 

3.  Mature  leaves  glabrous.     (Japanese  catalpa).  C.  ovata. 
Mature  leaves  pubescent.   (Teas'  catalpa).     4. 

4.  Leaves  green.  X  C.  hybrida. 
Leaves  purple  while  young.                X   C.  hybrida  purpurea. 

5.  Tree.    (Common  catalpa).     6. 

Shrub,  or  usually  grafted  as  a  standard.  C.bignonioidesnana. 

6.  Leaves  green.  C.  bignonioides. 
Leaves  yellow.                                           C.  bignonioides  aurea. 

CHILOPSIS.    Desert  Willow. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  soft  dark  brown 
wood  with  diffused  rather  large  ducts  and  fine  but  evident  pale 
medullary  rays;  slender  somewhat  angled  twigs;  small  angled 
pale  homogeneous  pith;  whorled  or  opposite  or  even  scattered 
raised  crescent-shaped  small  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle- 
trace;  no  stipule  scars;  small  compressed  roundish  buds  with 
2  nearly  valvate  outer  scales;  simple  subsessile  willow-like 
leaves;  rather  large  trumpet-shaped  perfect  gamopetalous  flow- 
ers in  terminal  racemes;  and  long  slender  cylindrical  2-valved 
capsules  and  thin  winged  seeds,  long-ciliate  especially  at  the 
ends. 
Leaves  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire.  .  C.  saligna. 

Family  RUBIACEAE.    Coffee  Family. 
A  large  heterogeneous  family,  largely  of  the  tropics,  yield- 


140  RUJJIACEAE 

ing   coffee,   quinine,   ipecac,   etc.     Bouvardias   are  among   the 
useful  bright-flowered  species  grown  under  glass. 

CEPHALANTHUS.     Button  Bush. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  moderately  slender  roundish  twigs; 
rather  4-sided  homogeneous  pale  brown  pith;  low  half-round 
small  leaf-scars  with  a  single  crescent-shaped  bundle-trace, 
opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3  with  a  narrow  connecting  stipular 
line;  small  often  superposed  buds  at  first  nearly  concealed  in 
the  bark,  the  terminal  wanting;  simple  rather  large  and  long- 
stalked  entire  leaves;  small  funnel-shaped  perfect  gamopeta- 
lous  white  flowers  in  dense  long-stalked  terminal  and  axillary 
heads;  and  similar  aggregates  of  inversely  pyramidal  small 
hard  fruits. 

Leaves  broad,  elliptical-ovate.  C.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate.  C.  occidentalis  angustifolia. 

GARDENIA.    Cape  Jessamine. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  pale  or  brownish  wood  with  minute 
diffused  ducts  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  moderate  finally 
square  harsh-pubescent  twigs;  somewhat  angled  continuous 
pith;  opposite  slightly  raised  half-round  leaf-scars,  connected 
by  transverse  stipule-scars;  sessile  stipule-sheathed  pointed 
buds;  moderate  cuneate-obovate  entire  leaves  very  glossy 
above;  and  large  solitary  perfect  funnel-shaped  gamopetalous 
fragrant  white  flowers,  with  1-celled  ovary, — the  calyx  not 
tubular,  ribbed  and  with  long  teeth  in  the  following. 
Flowers  single.  G.  jasminoides. 

Flowers  double.  G.  jasminoides  plena. 

MITCHELL  A.     Partridge  Berry. 

Small  evergreen  nearly  herbaceous  trailing  plants  with 
small  opposite  petioled  leaves  with  intervening  connate  sti- 
pules; tubular  funnel-shaped  or  salver-shaped  rather  small 
perfect  flowers  paired  at  end  of  slender  axillary  stalks;  and 
rather  small  red  twinned  inferior  berries  with  a  few  large 
seeds. 
Leaves  round-ovate,  very  obtuse,  glabrous.  M.  repens. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE  14i 

Family  CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     Honeysuckle  Family. 

A  moderate  sized  family  of  no  great  use  apart  from  gar- 
dening, but  containing  some  of  the  most  used  and  most  prized 
plant  materials  of  the  landscape  gardener. 

SAMBUCUS.     Elder. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  straggling  small  trees  with  soft  pale 
wood  with  minute  ducts,  diffused  or  in  a  somewhat  evident 
tangential  pattern,  and  rather  fine  medullary  rays;  stout  terete 
twigs  often  with  large  lenticels;  large  continuous  rounded 
pith;  opposite  rather  large  somewhat  crescent-shaped  leaf- 
scars  with  3-5  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  often 
superposed  or  collaterally  multiplied  buds  with  several  pairs 
of  scales;  pinnate  leaves  with  toothed  or  sometimes  incised 
leaflets;  small  perfect  gamopetalous  wheel-shaped  white  flow- 
ers in  large  showy  clusters;  and  small  normally  black  or  red 
inferior  3-seeded  berries. 

1.  Pith  brown:   fruit  red.     2. 

Pith  white:   fruit  typically  black.     6. 

2.  Petioles  downy.     (American  red-berried  elder).     S.  pubens. 
Petioles  glabrous.     (European  red-berried  elder).     3. 

3.  Leaves  green.     4. 
Leaves  yellow.     5. 

4.  Leaves  not  laciniate.  S.  racemosa. 
Leaves  laciniate.                                       S.  racemosa  plumosa. 

5.  Leaves  not  laciniate.  S.  racemosa  aurea. 
Leaves  laciniate.                            S.  racemosa  plumosa  aurea. 

6.  Leaves  rather  fleshy  and  dark:  twigs  very  warty. 

European.     7. 
Leaves  rather  thin  and  paler.    American.     10. 

7.  Leaves  green.     8. 

Leaves  partly  or  wholly  yellow  or  white.     9. 

8.  Leaves  not  laciniate.  S.  nigra. 
Leaves  laciniate.                                             S.  nigra  laciniata. 

9.  Leaves  whitish.  S.  nigra  argentea. 
Leaves  entirely  yellow.  S.  nigra  aurea. 
Leaves  variegated  with  yellow.                S.  nigra  variegata 


142  CAPKIFOLIACEAE 

10.  Leaves  green.     11. 

Leaves  yellow  or  variegated.     14. 

11.  Leaves  not  laciniate.     12. 

Leaves  laciniate.  S.  canadensis  laciniata. 

12.  Leaves  glabrescent.     13. 

Leaves  soft-pubescent.  S.  canadensis  submollis. 

13.  Fruit  nearly  black.  S.  canadensis. 
Fruit  greenish.                                S.  canadensis  chlorocarpa. 

14.  Leaves  solidly  yellow.  S.  canadensis  aurea. 
Leaves  with  jrellowish  variegation.  S.  canadensis  variegata. 

VIBUBNUM.    Arrow  Wood. 

Usually  deciduous  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  pale  or  brown 
wood  with  minute  ducts  and  very  fine  medullary  rays;  slender 
or  moderately  stout  terete  or  6-sided  twigs  with  continuous 
pith  of  corresponding  shape;  opposite  somewhat  raised  cres- 
cent-shaped leaf -scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars; 
oblong  more  or  less  stalked  appressed  buds  with  2  valvate  or 
connate  exposed  scales  (naked  in  one  group) ;  lanceolate  to 
ovate  entire  or  toothed  or  lobed  petioled  leaves;  small  perfect 
wheel-shaped  gamopetalous  5-merous  white  flowers  (sometimes 
larger  and  neutral  in  the  margin  or  throughout)  in  terminal 
corymbs;  and  rather  small  often  flattened  inferior  drupes. 

1.  Buds  naked:   young  growth  very  stellate-scurfy.     2. 
Buds  scaly.     4. 

2.  Flowers  salver-shaped,  early,  fragrant.  V.  Carlesii. 
Flowers   wheel-shaped,  later.     3. 

3.  Leaves  very  large,  thin,  cross-veined  beneath.  V.  alnifolium. 
Leaves  moderate  (scarcely  8X10  cm.),  firmer.  V.  Lantana. 

4.  Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed.     5. 
Leaves  palmately  veined  and  often  lobed.     17. 

5.  Very  stellate-pubescent:   leaves  impressed-veiny.     6. 
Neither  very  pubescent  nor  impressed-veiny.     8. 

6.  Flower  clusters  fertile,  radiate.     7. 

Flower  clusters  globose,  sterile.        V.  tomentosum  plenum. 

7.  Flower  clusters  flat-topped.  V.  tomentosum. 
Flower  clusters  conical.  V.   Sieboldii. 


CAPKIFOLIACEAE  143 

8.  Veins  distinct  to  the  coarsely  toothed  margin.     9. 
Veins  looping  or  vanishing  short  of  the  margin.     13. 

9.  Petioles  without  stipules.    10. 
With  slender  stipules.     12. 

10.  Twigs  and  leaves  glabrous  and  smooth.  V.  dentatum. 
Sparingly  roughened  with  stellate  hairs.     11. 

11.  Fruit  blue:  leaves  glabrous  above.  V.  venosum. 
Fruit  red:   both  faces  pubescent.  V.  dilatatum. 

12.  Stipules  much  shorter  than  the  petiole.  V.  molle, 
Stipules  longer  than  the  very  short  petiole.      V.  pubescens. 

13.  Leaves  entire,  revolute,  dotted  beneath.  V.  nudum. 
Leaves  more  or  less  finely  toothed.     14. 

14.  Leaves  dotted  beneath.  V.  cassinoides. 
Leaves  not  dotted.     15. 

15.  Buds,  petioles  etc.  very  red-scurfy.  V.  rufidulum. 
Buds  etc.  rather  gray-brown,  glabrescent.  16. 

16.  Leaves  small  (about  4X6  cm.),  scarcely  taper-pointed: 

twigs  often  stiff  and  spreading.  V.  prunifoliurn. 

Leaves  larger  (about  5X8  cm.),  acuminate.        V.  Lentago. 

17.  Petiole  without  nectar-glands.     18. 
Several  nectar-glands  on  petiole.     19. 

18.  Pubescent:   glandless:   with  stipules.  V.  acerifolium. 
Glabrate:  lower  teeth  glandular:  no  stipules1.  V.pauciflorum. 

19.  Glands  large  (about  1  mm.  in  diameter).    20. 

Glands  small   (about  5  mm.).  V.  american'um. 

20.  Some  flowers  fertile.     21. 

Flowers  all  showy  and  sterile.  (Snowball).  V.Opulus  sterile. 

21.  Dwarf.  V.  Opulus  nanum. 
Tall  shrubs.   (High-bush  cranberry).     22. 

22.  Sterile  flowers  large  (25  mm.).  V.  Sargentii. 
Sterile  flowers  rather  small    (15-20  mm.).     23. 

23.  Fruit  red.  V.  Opulus. 
Fruit  yellow.                                      V.  Opulus  xanthocarpum. 

SYMPHOBICARPOS. 

Deciduous  small  shrubs  with  slender  terete  twigs;  small 
rounded  continuous  or  evanescent  pith;  opposite  somewhat 
raised  crescent-shaped  leaf-scars  with  a  single  bundle-trace; 


144  CAPKXFOUACEAK 

no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  buds  with  about  2  pairs  of  exposed 
scales;  simple  entire  or  exceptionally  lobed  ovate  petioled 
leaves;  small  white  or  rosy  bell-shaped  perfect  gamopetalous 
iiowers,  hairy  within;  and  white  or  red  inferior  berries. 

1.  Pith  continuous:  leaves  small  (scarcely  40  mm.),  white 

beneath:  fruit  red.    2. 
Pith  excavated:  fruit  white.     (Snowberries).     3. 

2.  Leaves  unvariegated.   (Coral  berry).  S.  orbiculatus. 
Leaves  variegated.                             S.  orbiculatus  variegatus, 

3.  Leaves  often  deeply  lobed,  glabrate:  fruit  late.  X  S.Heyeri. 
Leaves  very  rarely  a  little  repand-lobed.     4. 

4.  Flowers  and  fruit  in  continuous  spikes:  stamens  pro- 

truding.  (Wolfberry).  S.  occidentalis. 

Axillary  flowers  often  solitary.     5. 

5.  Leaves  hairy  beneath.  (Snowberry).    6. 

Leaves  glabrous.  S.  albus  laevigatus. 

6.  Leaves  not  whitened  beneath.  S.  albus. 
Leaves  whitened  beneath.                        S.  albus  pauciflorus. 

LINNAEA.     Twin  Flower. 

Delicate  evergreen  woody  trailing  plants  with  frequent 
short  erect  branches  bearing  few  small  opposite  stalked  crenate 
leaves;  small  funnel-shaped  perfect  gamopetalous  fragrant 
white  and  rosy  flowers  usually  paired  at  the  end  of  a  slender 
terminal  peduncle;  and  small  1-seeded  capsules. 
Basal  tube  of  corolla  shorter  than  calyx.  L.  borealis. 

Slender  corolla  tube  longer  than  calyx.      L.  borealis  americana. 

ABELIA. 

Deciduous  or  partly  evergreen  shrubs  with  slender  more 
or  less  square  twigs  with  excavated  pith;  opposite  low  U- 
s-haped  leaf-scars,  connected  by  a  cross .  line,  with  3  bundle- 
traces;  small  somewhat  spreading  solitary  ovoid  sessile  buds 
with  several  pairs  of  loose  scales,  often  developing  into  branch- 
es the  first  season;  small  ovate  slightly  toothed  subsessile 
leaves;  perfect  funnel-shaped  gamopetalous  flowers  in  axillary 
or  terminal  leafy  clusters;  and  small  dry  inferior  berries. 
1.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  2. 

Flowers  in  small  lateral  clusters:    leaves  deciduous.     3. 


CAPKIFOLIACEAE  145 

2.  Leaves  half-evergreen:  flowers  20mm.  long.  X  A.grandiflora, 
Leaves  deciduous:   flowers  15  mm.  long.  A.  chinensis. 

3.  Flowers  15  mm.  long.  A.  Engleriana. 
Flowers  25  mm.  long.                                       A.  Graebneriana 

LOMCERA.     Honeysuckle. 

Deciduous  or  partly  evergreen  shrubs  or  woody  twiners 
with  white  or  yellowish  brown  wood  with  small  ducts,  those  oi' 
the  spring  sometimes  more  crowded  or  somewhat  larger,  and 
fine  medullary  rays;  rather  slender  round  or  squarish  twigs; 
more  or  less  angled  sometimes  evanescent  pith;  somewhat 
raised  opposite  crescent-shaped  or  3-angled  leaf-scars  with  3 
bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  ovoid  or  conical  sessile  buds 
often  superposed  and  the  lowermost  then  largest;  simple  entire 
short-stalked  or  sessile  moderate  leaves;  perfect  tubular  mod- 
erate-sized sometimes  very  fragrant  flowers  often  in  axillary 
pairs;  and  berry-like  fruit. 

1.  Low  and  spreading:  pith  continuous.     2. 
Erect  and  bushy.     3. 

Twining,  or  trailing  on  the  ground.    9. 

2.  Leaves  glabrous,  narrow  as  in  Lycium.  L.  spinosa. 
Leaves  woolly  beneath,  broader.                          L.  thibetica. 

3.  Pith  continuous,  white:  flowering  before  the  leaves.     4. 
Pith  excavated.     5. 

4.  Twigs  retrorsely  bristly.  L.  Standishii. 
Twigs  glabrate.                                              L.  fragrantissima. 

5.  Buds  long  and  conical:   downy.  L.  Xylosteum. 
Buds  ovoid  or  round.     6. 

6.  Glabrous:    flowers  pink.    (Tartarian  h.).  L.   tatarica. 
Soft-pubescent:   flowers  white  or  yellowing.     7. 

7.  Twigs  glabrous:    leaves  downy.  L.  Ruprechtiana. 
Twigs  and  leaves  evidently  pubescent.    8. 

8.  Leaves  pubescent  on  the  veins.  L.  Maackii. 
Leaves  downy  on  the  lower  surface.                     L.  Morrowii. 

9.  Leaves  not  united  by  their  bases.     10. 
Upper  leaves  connate  about  the  stem.     12. 

10.  Glaucous,  glabrous.  L.  Periclymenum. 

Not  glaucous,  hairy.     11. 


146  COMPOSITAE 

11.  Not  variegated.    (Hall's  honeysuckle).  L.  japonica. 
Leaves  golden-veined.     (Golden  h.).      var.  aureo-reticulata. 

12.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped:   fragrant.  L.  Caprifolium 
Corolla  with  short  nearly  equal  lobes.    13. 

13.  Flowers  bright  red.     (Trumpet  h.).  L.  sempervirens. 
Flowers  bright  yellow.                            L.  sempervirens  flava, 

DIEBVILLA.     Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  rather  stout  twigs  with  2  or  3  often 
hairy  longitudinal  lines;  roundish  homogeneous  pale  pith; 
rather  low  triangular  leaf-scars',  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3, 
with  3-bundle-traces  and  with  transverse  or  decurrent  lines 
from  their  angles;  no  stipule-scars;  oblong  mostly  appressed 
solitary  sessile  buds1  with  several  pairs  of  rather  loose  pointed 
scales;  simple  short-stalked  toothed  leaves;  moderate  or  rather 
large  perfect  funnel-shaped  gamopetalous  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters;  and  narrow  inferior  capsules  with  small  seeds. 

1.  Flowers  small  (scarcely  15  mm.  long),  yellow.  (Diervilla).  2. 
Flowers  distinctly  larger,  white  to  deep  red.  (Weigelia).     3. 

2.  Twigs  rounded:  leaves  distinctly  petioled.  D.  Lonicera. 
Twigs  4-angled:  leaves  nearly  sessile.                 D.  sessilifolia. 

3.  Calyx-tube  nearly  as  long  as  the  lobes.  D.  florida. 
Sepals  narrow,  parted  to  the  base. 

D.  japonica,  D.  floribunda,  and  X  D.  hybrida. 

LEYCESTEBIA. 

Deciduous  shrubs  or  half  shrubs  with  excavated  pith;  op 
posite  simple  leaves;    moderately  small    gamopetalous  perfect 
flowers  in  nodding  leafy  terminal  clusters;   and  small  red  in- 
ferior few-seeded  berries. 
Leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate:  flowers  purplish.  L.  formosa. 

Family  COMPOSITAE.  Sunflower  Family. 
The  largest  family  of  plants,  widespread  and  of  much 
floricultural  value,  including  the  chrysanthemum  of  florists, 
and  many  bedding  plants:  rarely  woody.  Cocklebur,  dog- 
fennel,  dandelion,  thistle,  white  weeds,  etc.,  are  familiar  exam- 
ples of  composite  weeds;  and  artichoke,  oyster-plant  and  chi- 
cory are  grown  in  the  garden. 


COMPOS  ITAE  147 

BACCHARIS.     Groundsel  Tree. 

Deciduous  shrubs  with  moderately  slender  sharply  angled 
green  twigs  with  resin-passages  in  the  bark;  somewhat  angu- 
lar pale  or  brownish  homogeneous  pith;  alternate  somewhat 
raised  shallowly  U-shaped  3-lobed  leaf-scars  with  3  bundle- 
traces;  no  stipule-scars;  round-ovoid  solitary  sessile  buds, 
with  several  scales,  heavily  coated  with  resin;  simple  cune- 
ately  stalked  coarsely  few-toothed  leaves;  minute  perfect  gam- 
opetalous  flowers  in  small  green-and-red-involucrate  heads 
mostly  clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches;  and  minute 
akenes  with  long  finally  rather  tawny  pappus. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  moderately  large.  B.  halimifolia. 

IVA.     Marsh    Elder. 

Deciduous  seaside  half-shrubs  with  moderately  slender 
angled  at  length  brownish  twigs  with  resin-passages  in  the 
bark;  roundish  homogeneous  pith;  opposite  or  whorled  trans- 
verse leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces;  no  stipule-scars;  rounded 
sessile  few-scaled  buds;  simple  rather  fleshy  more  or  less 
3-nerved  leaves;  minute  monoecious  gamopetalous  flowers  in 
small  drooping  involucres;  and  minute  akenes  without  pappus. 
Leaves  coarse-toothed.  I.  oraria. 

Leaves  subentire.  I.  imbricata. 


GLOSSARY  149 


GLOSSARY. 

Abruptly  pinnate.    Pinnate  without  a  terminal  leaflet. 

Acaulescent.    With  basal  or  radical  leaves,  as  in  dandelion. 

Achenium.     The  same  as  akene. 

Acrid.    Biting  to  the  taste  and  often  blistering  the  skin. 

Acuminate.  With  "line-of-beauty"  curve;  contrasted  with  acute. 

Acute.     Tapered  to  the  point. 

Aerial  roots.  Those  produced  above  ground,  like  the  braces  of 
Indian  corn  or  the  climbing  organs  of  poison  ivy,  trumpet 
creeper,  etc. 

Aggregated.  Grouped  into  a  unit,  like  the  partial  fruits  of  a 
mulberry,  the  bundle-traces  of  hickory,  etc. 

Akene.     A  small  seed-like  fruit  (strawberry  or  rose  "seeds"). 

Alternate.  As  applied  to  leaves,  one  at  each  node.  Occasional- 
ly (crape  myrtle)  leaves  are  both  alternate  and  opposite, 
and  in  the  desert  willow  they  may  be  whorled  as  well. 

Anastomosing.     Forming  a  network,  as  in  veins. 

Angiosperms.    Plants  that  mature  their  seeds  within  the  pistil. 

Annuals.     Plants  that  live  for  one  season  only. 

Annular.     Like  a  ring. 

Anther.    The  pollen-sac  of  a  stamen. 

Apetalous.  Without  corolla,  but  with  calyx.  When  only  one 
set  of  floral  leaves  is1  present  it  is  assumed  to  be  the  calyx 
even  though  of  bright  color  and  delicate  texture,  as  in 
clematis. 

Appressed.    Not  spreading,  as  applied  to  buds,  leaves  or  hairs. 

Aril.    An  appendage  of  the  seed,  like  that  of  the  bittersweet. 

Armed.    With  spines  or  prickles. 

Aromatic.  Fragrantly  scented,  at  least  when  broken  or  crushed. 

Attenuate.  Drawn  out  into  a  point,  as  applied  to  leaves  or 
scales. 

Auricled.  With  small  projections  at  base  (leaf  of  English  oak). 

Axil.  The  angle  above  a  leaf:  the  point  on  a  stem  above  the 
leaf -scar:  the  angle  between  two  nerves  or  veins  of  a  leaf. 


150  GLOSSARY 

Axillary.    In  an  axil. 

Balsamic.    Of  the  fragrance  or  consistency  of  Canada  balsam, 

Basal,  or  radical.    Leaves  that  are  clustered  near  the  ground. 

Berry.    A  fleshy  fruit,  usually  small. 

Bipinnate.    Twice,  or  doubly,  pinnate. 

Bladdery.  Thin-walled  and  much  larger  than  the  seeds  (fruit 
of  the  bladder-nut). 

Blistered.    With  elevations  filled  with  resin  (bark  of  fir). 

Bract.  A  modified  leaf  of  the  inflorescence.  Several  bracts 
form  an  involucre.  The  seed-scales  of  cones  in  Pinaceae 
are  in  the  axils  of  bracts. 

Branch.  One  of  the  coarser  divisions  of  a  trunk  or  main  stem: 
loosely,  any  division  of  the  stem. 

Bristly.     With  stiff  hairs. 

Bronzing.    Turning  bronze-  or  copper-color. 

Bud.  The  undeveloped  end  or  branch  of  a  stem;  usually  refer- 
ring to  the  stage  in  which  the  growing  tips  pass  the  winter 
or  dry  season;  also  applied  to  undeveloped  flowers  or  flow- 
er-clusters. Winter-buds  are  usually  scaly  or  protected  by 
specialized  reduced  leaves  or  their  parts,  but  sometimes 
naked  when  their  outer  envelopes  develop  into  leaves  in 
the  spring.  Though  normally  one  occurs  in  each  leaf-axil, 
this  is  accompanied  by  an  accessory  bud  at  each  side  (col 
lateral)  often  in  oak,  silver  maple,  etc.:  or  several  buds 
may  occur  one  above  the  other  (superposed)  in  ash,  wal- 
nut, Kentucky  coffee  tree,  etc.,  with  the  uppermost  of  the 
series  largest;  or  in  honeysuckle,  where  the  lowermost  is 
largest. 

Bunched.  Polyadelphous  or  in  several  tufts  (stamens  of 
linden). 

Bundle-traces.  The  broken  ends — as  seen  on  the  leaf-scar — of 
woody  strands  passing  from  the  stem  into  a  leaf:  often 
simple  and  definite  in  number  and  position  (1  rhododen- 
dron, 3  in  elm) ;  sometimes  broken  or  aggregated  in  simi- 
larly placed  groups  (buckeye,  hickory),  or  consolidated  in 
a  crescent-  or  U-shaped  or  elliptical  series  (ash) ;  less 
commonly  numerous  and  irregularly  scattered  (oak). 


GLOSSAKY  151 

Calyx.    The  outer  set  of  leaves  of  a  flower. 

Canescent.    Ash-colored,  with  fine  close  hairs. 

Capsule.    A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  (rose-of-Sharon,  mock-orange). 

Carpel.    A  simple  pistil,  or  one  member  of  a  compound  pistil. 

Carpeting  plants.    Very  low  plants,  trailing  on  the  ground. 

Catkin.    The  simple  elongated  flower-cluster  of  willows,  etc. 

Chambered.    With  cavities'  separated  by  walls  or  plates. 

Ciliate.    Hairy  on  the  margin,  like  the  eyelids. 

Clasping.  Applied  to  leaves  when  their  bases  grow  part-way 
around  the  stem,  or  embrace  it  by  outgrowths. 

Class.  A  natural  group  of  plants  consisting  of  families.  The 
present  tendency  is  to  recognize  an  intermediate  assemb- 
lage of  families,  the  order.  Class  names  end  in  eae. 

Claw.    The  slender  base  of  a  petal  like  that  of  carnation. 

Clustered.  As  applied  to  leaves  etc.,  crowded  so  as  not  to  be 
evidently  alternate  or  opposite  or  whorled  on  the  stem. 

Collateral.     Standing  side  by  side. 

Colored.  Usually  meaning  of  some  color  other  than  white  in 
flowers  and  pith,  or  than  green  in  leaves. 

Compound.  Of  several  distinct  leaf-like  parts  or  leaflets,  as 
applied  to  leaves;  branched,  as  applied  to  the  inflorescence; 
consisting  of  several  in  a  group,  as  applied  to  bundle- 
traces;  of  several  united  carpels,  as  applied  to  the  pistil. 

Cone.    The  characteristic  scaly  fruit  of  pine,  hemlock,  etc. 

Conifer.    A  member  of  the  Family  Coniferae. 

Connate.  Grown  together  (ovaries  of  partridge-berry:  upper 
leaves  of  trumpet  honeysuckle). 

Continuous.  Without  interruption;  applied  to  pith  of  elder, 
for  instance,  in  contrast  with  that  of  honeysuckle  which 
is  excavated  or  hollowed  out,  or  that  of  walnut  which  is 
chambered  between  persistent  plates. 

Cordate.    Heart-shaped. 

Corymb.  A  flat-topped  or  round-topped  flower  cluster  like  that 
of  viburnum  or  elder. 

Crenate.     Scalloped,  applied  to  leaves  with  rounded  teeth. 

Crenulate.    Minutely  crenate. 


152  GLOSSARY 

Crisped.  Wavy  on  the  margin,  like  dock  leaves:  short  and 
curly,  when  applied  to  pubescence. 

Cryptogams.    Flowerle&s  or  spore-plants. 

Cuneate.  Tapering  to  the  base,  or  wedge-shaped,  as  applied 
to  leaves. 

Cyme.  A  (frequently  fiat  or  convex)  flower-cluster  with  the 
terminal  or  central  flower  of  each  of  its  divisions  opening 
first.  Many  so-called  corymbs  and  panicles  are  really 
cymes. 

Cymose.     In  cymes. 

Deciduous.  Falling  in  winter,  or  drying  early  if  remaining 
attached  for  a  time,  as  applied  to  leaves;  falling  away, 
like  the  end-bud  of  linden,  the  flower-cluster  of  lilac,  or 
the  calyx  of  a  crab  apple. 

Decompound.     Repeatedly  compound. 

Decurrent.  Continued  down  the  stem  in  a  ridge  or  wing,  as 
applied  to  leaves. 

Dehiscent.  Opening  to  discharge  the  seeds,  as  applied  to  fruits. 

Deliquescent.   Breaking  up  into  fine  branches.  (American  elm). 

Deltoid.    Shaped  like  an  equilateral  triangle. 

Dentate.    Toothed;  contrasted  with  serrate  or  saw-toothed, 

Denticulate.     Minutely  dentate. 

Depressed.    Shortened  as1  applied  to  round  or  ovoid  fruits,  etc. 

Diaphragms.  Firmer  plates  across  the  pith,  either  at  the  nodes 
(grape)  or  at  intervals  between  them  (sweet  bay,  tupelo). 

Dicotyledons.    Angiosperms  with  two  seed-leaves. 

Diffused.  The  same  as  scattered,  when  applied  to  ducts  seen 
in  cross  section  of  wood. 

Digitate.  Spreading  from  one  point,  like  the  leaflets  of  a  horse- 
chestnut  leaf,  the  lobes  or  veins  of  a  maple  leaf,  etc. 
When  unqualified,  it  means  digitately  or  palmately  com 
pound,  if  applied  to  leaves. 

Dioecious.  Imperfect  flowers,  the  sexes  on  separate  individ- 
uals, as  in  poplar. 

Disarticulating.  Falling  away  so  as  to  leave  a  clean-cut  scar, 
as  most  leaves  and  many  fruits  finally  do. 

Discoid.     The  same  as  chambered,  when  applied  to  pith. 


GLOSSARY  153 

Disk.     The  same  as  sucker,  for  tendrils. 

Dissected.    Divided  into  numerous  narrow  lobes. 

Divergent.    The  same  as  spreading. 

Division.  One  of  the  main  groups  under  which  plants  are 
classified;  often  called  phylum.  For  the  higher  plants, 
the  names  of  divisions1  end  in  phyta. 

Dotted.  As  here  used,  referring  to  the  presence  of  lighter  or 
darker  spots  or  of  rather  regularly  and  closely  placed 
blackened  hairs  or  glands,  usually  on  the  under  side  of 
a  leaf. 

Double.  With  more  than  the  normal  number  of  petals,  as 
applied  to  flowers.  Double  poinsettias  have  their  bracts 
increased:  double  hydrangeas,  their  neutral  flowers. 

Downy.    Pubescent,  with  the  hairs  short,  soft  and  spreading. 

Drooping.  Hanging  from  the  base  so  as  to  suggest  wilting, 
like  the  leaves  of  peach  and  sweet  cherry. 

Drupe.  A  "stone-fruit"  typically  with  the  outer  part  succulent 
and  one  hard  kernel  (plum) :  but  the  flesh  may  be  thin 
and  dry  (almond),  or  may  contain  several  stones  (holly). 
In  a  huckleberry  the  stones  are  small  and  seed-like,  but 
their  presence  is  shown  by  the  crackling  sound  when  they 
are  broken  between  the  teeth, — quite  different  from  the 
behavior  of  a  blueberry. 

Drupelet.    A  diminutive  drupe. 

Ducts  or  vessels.  The  water-passages  in  wood:  appearing  as 
pores  in  cross-section.  When  larger  or  crowded  in  the 
spring-growth,  they  make  the  wood  "ring-porous"  (oak) ; 
when  uniform  in  size  and  disposition,  they  render  it  "dif- 
f  used-porous"  (walnut).  The  smaller  ducts  are  often 
arranged  in  flame-like  radiating  patterns  (oak),  or  wavy 
tangential  patterns  (elm). 

Dull.    Not  glossy;  not  brightly  colored. 

Ellipsoid.     Shaped  like  a  foot-ball,  as  applied  to  fruits,  etc. 

Emergence.  An  outgrowth  from  a  leaf  or  stem  not  readily 
classified  under  the  usual  subdivisions  of  such  parts 
(prickles). 


154  GLOSSARY 

End-bud.  The  characteristic  growing  tip  of  a  stem  or  its 
branch:  sometimes  replaced  by  a  flower  (magnolia)  or 
cluster  of  flowers  (horse-chestnut)  and  then  not  found  in 
winter;  and  sometimes  regularly  cast  off  during  the  grow- 
ing season  (linden)  or  dying  back  before  winter  (willow). 

Endogens.  Inside-growing  plants, — forming  new  wood,  if  at 
all,  as  new  threads  between  the  old  (Smilax,  palms1  etc.). 

Entire.  With  the  margin  neither  toothed  nor  lobed,  as  applied 
to  leaves  and  leaflets. 

Epigynous.  With  calyx,  corolla  and  stamens  apparently  origi- 
nating from  the  upper  part  of  the  ovary,  as  in  the  apple. 

Evanescent.    Quickly  disappearing. 

Evergreen.     Holding  green  foliage  through  the  winter. 

Excavated.    Hollowed  between  nodes,  as  applied  to  pith. 

Exfoliating.     Peeling  away   (papery  bark  of  canoe  birch). 

Falcate.     Sickle-shaped,  curved  to  one  side. 

Family.  A  natural  group  of  plants  comprising  one  or  more 
genera.  Family  names  are  usually  derived  from  the  name 
of  one  of  their  genera,  and  then  end  in  aceae. 

Fastigiate.     With  upright  branches  (Lombardy  poplar). 

Filiform.  Long  and  slender  or  thread-like,  as  applied  to  twigs, 
petioles  or  flower-stalks. 

Fimbriate.     Fringed. 

Fissured.     Torn  lengthwise,  as  applied  to  bark  or  pith. 

Flaking.     The  same  as  shredding,  with  shorter  fragrants. 

Flame-shaped.  Wavily  branching  from  the  pith  toward  the 
bark,  as  applied  to  duct-pattern  of  such  woods  as  chestnut 
and  oak,  seen  in  cross-section. 

Fleshy  or  succulent.  Employed  in  contrast  with  membrana- 
ceous,  leathery,  etc.,  for  leaves;  in  contrast  with  hard,  for 
stems  in  some  cases;  and  in  contrast  with  dry  when  ripe, 
for  fruits. 

Flower-scar.    The  scar  from  which  a  flower  has  fallen. 

Fluted.     Ridged  lengthwise  (sycamore  bud,  young  oak  twig). 

Foliage  sprays.     Twigs  which  finally  fall  away  carrying  the 


GLOSSARY  153 

small  leaves  with,  them;  sometimes  at  end  of  the  first 
season  (bald  cypress,  tamarisk),  sometimes  after  several 
years  (arbor  vitae). 

Foliar  shoots.     The  same  as  foliage  sprays*. 

Follicle.    A  small  dry  fruit  opening  down  one  edge. 

Fusiform.  Spindle-shaped:  rounded  in  cross-section  and  tap- 
ered to  base  and  apex. 

Gamopetalous.  With  the  petals  grown  together,  as  in  a  mor- 
ning glory,  or  at  least  at  the  ba&e. 

Genus.  A  natural  group  of  plants  comprising  one  or  more 
species.  Generic  names  of  trees  ending  in  us  are  feminine. 

Glabrate.    Nearly  glabrous. 

Glabrescent.     Becoming  glabrous. 

Glabrous.     Not  hairy. 

Gland.  A  secreting  organ:  as  here  used,  secreting  nectar 
(petiole  of  cherry),  aromatic  oil  (sweetbrier  foliage),  or 
balsam  (cottonwood  and  horse-chestnut  buds) ;  sometimes 
containing  resin  or  essential  oils,  either  on  the  surface 
(bayberry)  or  within  the  substance  of  a  leaf,  etc.  (orange). 

Glaucous.    With  a  white  or  bluish  bloom,  like  a  plum. 

Globose.     Shaped  like  a  globe:  spherical. 

Glutinous.     Sticky,  with  resin  or  gum. 

Granular.    Minutely  or  microscopically  roughened. 

Gummy.    Much  the  same  as  resinous,  as  applied  to  buds. 

Gymnosperms1.  Naked-seeded  flowering  plants,  like  cycads 
and  conifers:  contrasted  with  Angiosperms. 

Habit.     General  appearance,  or  mode  of  growth. 

Halberd-shaped.     The  same  as  hastate. 

Hard-wood.  Technically,  the  lumber  derived  from  Angiosperms. 

Hastate.  Elongated,  with  two  spreading  lobes  at  base  (leaves 
of  red  sorrel,  bracts  of  blue  beech). 

Head.     A  round  or  flat  cluster  of  sessile  flowers. 

Herbaceous.     Not  woody. 

Homogeneous.  Continuous  and  without  firmer  cross-plates  or 
diaphragms,  as  applied  to  pith. 

Horizontal.  With  the  broad  faces  parallel  to  the  earth,  as 
applied  to  the  foliage  sprays. 


156  GLOSSARY 

Horrid.    Used  in  the  classic  sense. 

Hybrid.  Offspring  resulting  from  the  egg  of  one  species  being 
fertilized  by  the  sperm  of  another:  less  properly,  the  result 
of  crossing  one  variety  with  another.  Names  of  hybrids 
are  prefixed  by  X ;  or  a  compound  name  is  formed  by  com- 
bination of  the  specific  names  of  the  parents,  separated 
by  X. 

Hypanthium.    A  hollow  fruiting  receptacle  (rose,  fig). 

Hypogynous.  Arising  from  the  receptacle  below  the  pistil,  as 
applied  to  calyx,  corolla  or  stamens. 

Imperfect.    Lacking  stamens  or  pistil,  as  applied  to  flowers. 

Incised.    Toothed  or  lobed,  with  acute  sinuses  as  if  cut. 

Indehiscent.    Not  opening,  as  applied  to  fruits. 

Inferior.  As  applied  to  the  ovary  of  an  epigynous  flower,  with 
the  calyx  or  other  floral  parts  apparently  coming  from  the 
top  of  the  ovary  (apple,  blueberry,  etc.). 

Inflated.  Loose  and  membranous  about  the  seeds,  as  applied 
to  fruits. 

Inflorescence.    The  cluster  of  flowers. 

Internode.     The  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes. 

Involucrate.  With  a  surrounding  cluster  of  modified  leaves, 
showy  in  poinsettia,  green  in  sunflower,  etc. 

Junctures.     The  same  as  winter-nodes. 

Laciniate.     Incised,  with  narrow  divisions. 

Lanceolate.  Lance-shaped :  applied  to  elongated  pointed  leaves 
widest  at  or  somewhere  below  the  middle. 

Leaf-cushion.  The  raised  base  from  which  the  leaf-stalk  fin- 
ally breaks  away,  in  many  Leguminosae  etc. 

Leaf -scar.  The  point  from  which  a  leaf  has  fallen:  within  it 
may  be  seen  one  or  more  bundle-traces,  where  the  woody 
strands  of  the  leaf-stalk  have  been  broken — usually  at  the 
very  base  of  the  petiole,  but  occasionally  above  it  (flower- 
ing dogwood,  where  the  remainder  falls  later)  or  within 
the  leaf-cushion  (mock-orange,  locust),  so  that  the  axillary 
buds  are  covered  by  a  membrane. 

Leaflet.    One  of  the  separate  parts  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Legume.    The  characteristic  fruit  oi  the  pea  family. 


GLOSSARY  157 

Lenticels.  The  wart-like  prominences  on  the  bark  of  young 
twigs;  very  conspicuous  on  elder  etc.;  forming  long  cross- 
lines  on  young  branches  of  cherry  and  paper  birch. 

Lignified.    Woody. 

Linear.    Narrow  and  elongated,  with  nearly  parallel  sides. 

Lobed.  Divided  rather  deeply,  as  applied  to  leaves — the  seg- 
ments too  long  to  be  called  teeth  but  not  separated  as 
leaflets. 

Mamillated.     With  rounded  breast-like  elevations. 

Matted.    Growing  densely,  so  as  to  form  a  low  close  cover  to 

the  ground,  or  in  very  compact  tufts. 

Medullary  rays.  The  plates  radiating  from  pith  to  bark  in  ex- 
ogenous stems:  appearing  as  lines,  sometimes  heavy 

(oak),  in  cross  section. 

Megalospores.     The  large  or  female  spores  of  some  fernworts. 
Membranaceous.     Thin  and  dry,  in  contrast  with  green  and 

leaf-like,  as  applied  to  scales  or  bracts, 
-merous.     Parted.    A  suffix    used  to  indicate    the  number    of 

sepals,  petals  etc.  in  the  flower;  as  trimerous  (3-merous), 

tetramerous    (4-merous),  pentamerous    (5-merous). 
Microspores.     The  small  or  male  spores  of  some  fernworts. 
Midrib.    The  strong  main  vein  running  from  the  base  to  apex 

in  a  pinnately  veined  leaf,  like  that  of  chestnut  or  apple. 
Milky.     Colored,    usually  white,  when    applied    to  the  sap  of 

trees. 
Monadelphous.    Stamens  united  by  their  lower  part  into  a  ring 

or  tube,  as  in  hollyhock. 

Monocotyledons.   Angiosperms  with  a  single  seed-leaf  (smilax). 
Monoecious.     Imperfect  flowers,  the  sexes  on  one  individual 

(oak). 
Monopodial.     Continuing  the  growth  from  a  terminal  bud,  as 

applied  to  twigs:  in  contrast  with  sympodial. 
Moss-like.    Used  loosely  to  indicate  a  compact  or  matted  habit 

of  growth  associated  with  small  overlapping  leaves. 
Mucilaginous.     Exemplified  by  the  bark  of  slippery  elm,  the 

leaves  of  sassafras,  etc.,  when  chewed. 
Mucronate.    With  a  short  stiff  abrupt  point. 


158  •  GLOSSARY 

Mucronulate.    Minutely  mucronate. 

Naked.  Without  calyx  or  corolla,  as  applied  to  flowers:  with- 
out specialized  protecting  scales,  as  applied  to  buds. 

Nectar-glands.  Glands  that  secrete  a  sugary  fluid ;  as  in  many 
flowers,  on  the  leaf-stalk  of  the  plum,  on  the  calyx  of  pae 
ony  and  trumpet-creeper,  in  the  angles  between  the  mid- 
rib and  principal  veins  of  the  lower  side  of  a  catalpa  leaf, 
on  the  teeth  of  an  ailanthus  leaf,  etc.  Ants  frequently 
point  the  way  to  them. 

Needle.  A  common  name  for  the  phylloid  shoot  or  "leaf"  of 
pines. 

Needle-like.    Long,  slender,  and  about  as  thick  as  broad. 

Nerved.  Usually  applied  to  leaves  or  scales  when  the  principal 
woody  bundles  in  them  are  prominent  and  run  from  the 
base  (palmately)  and  not  from  a  midrib  (pinnately) : 
these  are  usually  called  veins  in  other  cases,  especially 
when  they  anastomose  and  form  a  fine  network  or  reticu- 
lation. 

Neutral.  Lacking  both  stamens  and  pistil  (flowers  of  snow- 
ball). 

Nodding.  Bending  over:  applied  to  the  inflorescence  and  to 
flower  stalks. 

Nodes.  The  points  of  the  stem  from  which  leaves  come:  these 
are  alternate  when  solitary  at  a  node;  opposite  when  two 
come  from  a  node;  and  whorled  when  several  come  from  a 
node.  Fascicled  or  clustered  leaves  (barberry)  usually 
come  from  short  axillary  branches. 

Oblanceolate.  Lanceolate,  but  with  the  greatest  breadth  above 
the  middle. 

Oblique.    Unequal-sided  at  base  (leaves  of  elm  or  begonia). 

Obliquely  opposite.  Applied  to  opposite  leaves  when  one  of  a 
pair  stands  more  or  less  higher  on  the  stem  than  the  other. 

Oblong.  Relatively  longer  and  narrower  than  elliptical  and 
with  more  parallel  margins  than  lanceolate,  and  much 
broader  than  linear,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Obovate.    Inverted  ovate,  broadest  above  the  middle. 

Obtuse.    Blunt,  in  contrast  with  acute. 


GLOSSARY  159 

Odd-pinnate.     Pinnate  with  a  terminal  leaflet. 

Opposite.  As  applied  to  leaves,  two  at  each  node:  the  suces 
sive  pairs  "decussate",  so  that  the  leaves  are  in  four  ranks 
on  the  stem.  Sometimes  (buckthorn)  the  leaves  of  a  pair 
are  separated  so  as  to  appear  alternate  but  in  four  ranks. 
Plants  with  whorled  leaves  (deutzia)  frequently  have 
them  opposite  as  well. 

Order.  A  natural  group  of  plants  consisting  of  related  genera. 
Ordinal  names  usually  end  in  ales. 

Ovate.  Like  the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg,  the  greatest 
width  below  the  middle,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Ovoid.     Egg-shaped,  as  applied  to  solid  objects  like  trees. 

Palmate.     The  same  as  digitate. 

Panicle.    A  compound  or  branched  raceme. 

Papilionaceous.     The  sweet-pea  type  of  flower. 

Pappus.    The  plume  of  a  Composite  akene  (dandelion  etc.). 

Parted.  More  deeply  divided  than  lobed,  but  not  compound, 
as  applied  to  leaves. 

Pedicel.    The  stalk  of  a  flower  in  a  compound  inflorescence. 

Peeling.    Much  the  same  as  flaking  or  shredding. 

Pellucid-dotted  or  glandular.  Applied  to  leaves  etc.  which  con- 
tain internal  oil-glands  (orange,  wafer-ash,  etc.). 

Peltate.  Attached  to  a  stalk  at  some  distance  from  the  mar- 
gin, like  the  leaf  of  an  Egyptian  "lotus",  the  scales  on 
leaves  of  the  Russian  "olive,"  etc. 

Pendent.    Hanging,  like  the  cone  of  spruce:  that  of  fir  is  erect. 

Percurrent.  With  the  main  trunk  continued  through  the  top. 
hence  usually  conical  or  spire-like  (spruce),  as  applied  to 
trees:  in  extreme  contrast  with  deliquescent. 

Perennials.    Plants  that  live  for  a  number  of  years. 

Perfect.    With  both  stamens  and  pistil,  as  applied  to  flowers. 

Pericarp.    The  outer  part  of  the  fruit. 

Perigynous.  With  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  around  the  edge 
of  a  cup  surrounding  but  free  from  the  pistil  or  pistils,  as 
in  the  cherry  and  rose:  contrasted  with  epigynous  and 
hypogynous. 

Persistent.    Not  deciduous,  as  applied  to  leaves. 


160  GLOSSARY 

Petals.     The  inner  floral  leaves,  forming  the  corolla. 

Petiole.     The  leaf-stalk. 

Phanerogams.     Flowering-  or  seed-plants. 

Phylloid  shoots.  The  foliage  of  pines;  morphologically  con- 
sidered as  modified  branches  of  the  stem,  rather  than 
leaves,  by  some. 

Phylum.     The  same  as  division. 

Pinnate.  Distributed  along  an  axis,  like  the  plume  of  a  feather 
on  the  quill  (leaflets  of  an  elder  leaf;  the  lobes  or  veins  of 
an  oak  leaf,  etc.).  When  unqualified  it  means  pinnately 
compound,  if  applied  to  leaves.  When  the  leaflets  of  a 
pinnate  leaf  are  again  pinnate,  the  leaf  isi  bipinnate  or 
twice  pinnate.  Unequally  pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves  vary 
greatly  in  their  compoundness,  often  in  the  same  leaf 
(honey  locust). 

Pistil.    The  part  of  a  flower  that  produces  ovules  and  seeds. 

Pistillate.    Flowers  that  have  pistils  but  no  stamens. 

Pith.  The  central  part  of  a  stem,  surrounded  by  the  woody 
cylinder:  usually  continuous  and  of  uniform  texture,  but 
sometimes  with  firmer  plates  or  diaphragms  at  the  nodes 
(grape)  or  at  intervals  between  them  (sour  gum,  sweet 
bay) ;  in  some  genera  disappearing  or  excavated  (honey- 
suckle), or  chambered  between  persistent  thin  plate? 
(golden  bell,  walnut). 

Placenta.    The  part  of  the  pistil  to  which  seeds  are  attached. 

Polygamous.   With  both  perfect  and  imperfect  flowers  (maple). 

Polypetalous.    With  petals  not  grown  together,  as  in  a  rose. 

Pome.  An  apple-fruit,  the  fleshy  pulp  crowned  by  the  calyx  or 
other  vestiges  of  the  flower,  and  separated  from  the  seeds 
by  a  papery  (apple)  or  bony  (red  haw)  core. 

Prickle.  A  pungent  outgrowth  of  the  cortex  or  bank  of  a  stem, 
or  of  the  surface  of  a  leaf:  contrasted  with  spines,  which 
are  modified  forms  of  leaf  or  stem. 

Prostrate.    Low  and  spreading,  as  applied  to  shrubs:  trailing. 

Puberulent.     Minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescent.    With  hairs. 

Pungent.     With  sharp  hard  point. 


GLOSSARY  161 

Raceme.     A  simple  flower-cluster   (wild  cherry). 

Rachis.  The  axi&  of  a  pinnate  leaf  etc.;  sometimes  continued 
as  a  spine  or  bristle  (pea  tree). 

Radiate.  The  same  as  digitate  when  applied  to  leaves  or  their 
veins:  with  conspicuous  flowers  around  the  outside  (head 
of  sunflower;  inflorescence  of  Hydrangea  or  Viburnum). 

Raised.  Lying  wholly  or  in  part  above  the  general  surface  of 
the  twig,  as  applied  to  leaf-scars. 

Ranks.  As  applied  to  leaves,  the  longitudinal  lines  on  the  stem 
in  which  foliage  is  arranged:  usually  2,  3,  5  or  8  for  alter 
nate  leaves;  and  4  for  opposite  or  obliquely  opposite  leaves. 

Receptacle.  The  part  of  a  stem  that  bears  the  parts  of  a 
flower,  or  that  bears  the  flowers  in  a  conden&ed  inflores- 
cence like  that  of  sunflower  or  fig. 

Reflexed.     Bent  downward  or  backward. 

Resin-passages.  Intercellular  spaces  in  the  wood  of  conifers: 
appearing  as  pores  in  cross  section,  and  so  capable  of  being 
mistaken  for  ducts' — which  are  absent  from  such  wood. 

Resinous.    With  copious  resin  (wood  of  pine,  buds  of  fir,  etc). 

Reticulate.  Netted,  like  the  finer  veins  of  an  oak  leaf  or  the 
ridges  on  the  stone  of  a  hackberry  fruit. 

Retrorse.    Turned  backward  or  downward. 

Revolute.     With  the  margin  rolled  back,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Rhombic.  Four-sided  with  the  opposed  sides  parallel,  but  not 
rectangular:  diamond-shaped. 

Ribbed.  With  longitudinal  ridges  more  prominent  than  is  in- 
dicated by  striate,  and  more  distinct  and  clearly  isolated 
than  fluted  indicates. 

Ring-porous.  Wood  in  which  each  year's  layer  is  marked  by 
large  or  crowded  ducts  in  the  spring  growth:  contrasted 
with  diffused-porous. 

Rugose.    Wrinkled  or  with  the  veins  impressed. 

Salver-shaped.  With  a  slender  tube  and  spreading  border,  like 
the  corolla  of  phlox. 

Samara.     A  winged  fruit   (ash,  maple,  elm,  ailanthus). 

Sap.  As  here  used,  the  fluid  that  flows  from  a  freshly  cut 
twig  or  leaf-stalk. 


162  GLOSSARY 

Scale.    As  usually  employed,  a  reduced  leaf:  also  one  of  the 

parts  of  the  cone  of  the  pine  etc.,  or  of  a  winter  bud:  or  of 

the  scurf  on  a  leaf  or  twig,  etc. 
Scaly.     Detaching  in  flakes  (white  oak),  as  applied  to  bark: 

with  finally  hard  and  dry  sometimes  woolly  or  varnished 

protecting  leaves  or  stipules,  as  applied  to  winter-buds. 
Scape.    A  flower-stalk  coming  from  a  cluster  of  basal  leaves 

(hyacinth). 
Scattered.    Not  in  any  of  the  usual  definite  groups,  as  applied 

to  leaves,  ducts,  bundle-traces,  etc. 
Scrambling  plants.     Imperfect  climbers,  lacking  aerial  roots 

and   tendrils   and   not   twining,   but   sometimes   aided   by 

prickles   (rose)   or  short  strong  hairs  (hop). 
Scurfy.     With  scale-like  pubescence  rather  than  hairs. 
Seed.     The  ripened  ovule,  containing  an  embryo  plant. 
Segment.    One  of  the  parts  of  a  gamopetalous  corolla  or  gamo- 

sepalous  calyx:  one  of  the  parts  of  a  lobed  leaf. 
Sepals.    The  outer,  or  only,  series  of  floral  leaves,  constituting 

the  calyx;   sometimes   (clematis)    petal -like. 
Seriate.    In  lines  or  series,  as  applied  to  ducts  in  cross  section 

of  wood. 
Serrate.     Toothed,  with  the  teeth  pointing  in  one  direction 

like  those  of  a  saw:  doubly  serrate  leaves  have  such  teeth 

again  serrate:  contrasted  with  crenate  and  dentate. 
Serrulate.    Very  finely  serrate. 
Sessile.    Not  stalked. 

Shaling.  Scaly,  in  large  flakes  (bark  of  shag-bark  hickory). 
Shredding.  Falling  away  in  shreds  (bark  of  the  grape  vine). 
Simple.  Of  a  single  leaflet,  as  applied  to  leaves:  unbranched, 

as  applied  to  stem  or  inflorescence. 
Single.     With  the  normal  number  of  showy  parts,  as  applied 

to  flowers:  contrasted  with  double. 
Sinus.    The  notch  between  two  lobes. 
Smooth.    Not  roughened:  frequently,  but  less  accurately,  also 

used  in  the  sense  of  glabrous. 

Soft-wood.     Technically  the  lumber  derived  from  conifers. 
Solitary.     Applied  to  buds  when  only  one  occurs  at  a  node: 


GLOSSARY  163 

contrasted  with  the  cases  in  which  there  are  more  than 
one,  either  collateral  or  side  by  side  (oak,  maple),  or 
superposed  one  above  the  other  (walnut,  honeysuckle). 

Spathe.  A  modified  leaf  or  bract  subtending  a  flower  (nar- 
cissus), a  spadix  (calla),  or  a  loose  cluster  of  flowers 
(palms). 

Spathed.     With  a  spathe. 

Spatulate.  Oblong  with  the  upper  part  rather  abruptly  widened. 

Species.  A  natural  group  of  plants  composed  of  individuals; 
often  comprising  several  minor  forms, — subspecies  or  var- 
ieties. Specific  names,  when  not  substantives  in  apposition 
(Acer  Negundo)  or  in  the  gentitive  (Viburnum  Carlesii), 
agree  in  number  and  gender  with  the  name  of  the  genus 
(Quercus  alba,  Calycanthus  floridus,  Viburnum  nudum). 

Spermatophytes.     Seed-  or  flowering-plants. 

Spike.  A  simple  elongated  compact  cluster  of  flowers  or 
sporangia. 

Spine.  A  pungent  specialized  form  of  the  leaf  (barberry)  or 
its  stipules  (locust)  or  tip  (pea-tree),  or  of  a  twig  (haw- 
thorn, wild  crab). 

Spinescent.    Turning  into  spines,  like  the  stipules'  of  locust. 

Sporangium.     A  spore-case. 

Spores.  As  here  used,  the  dust-like  bodies  by  which  flower: 
less  plants  or  cryptogams  are  multiplied. 

Spreading.  Used  in  contrast  with  appressed  or  closely  applied 
to  the  stem,  for  some  leaves  and  buds;  or  to  closely  applied 
to  the  leaf  or  twig  etc.,  for  some  hairs. 

Spring  wood.  That  formed  at  the  beginning  of  each  year's 
layer:  often  marked  by  the  crowding  or  large  size  of  its 
ducts,  when  the  wood  is  spoken  of  as  ring-porous. 

Spur.  A  short-  or  dwarf-branch  of  the  stem:  also  applied  to  a 
spur-like  outgrowth  of  the  flower,  the  angle  of  a  wistaria 
leaf-scar,  etc. 

Spur-scar.  The  scar  from  which  a  dwarf-shoot  has  fallen 
(pine). 

Stalked.  As  applied  to  buds,  indicates  that  the  .scales  are 
clustered  at  an  observable  distance  from  the  point  where 


164  GLOSSARY 

the  bud  originates  on  the  stem  (alder). 

Staminate.  Flowers/  that  have  stamens  but  no  pistil:  male 
flowers. 

Standard.  In  horticulture,  a  small  tree  produced  by  grafting 
a  low-growing  form  on  a  trunk  of  the  desired  height. 

Star-shaped.  With  several  points  rather  symmetrically  orient- 
ed about  a  common  center,  as  in  a  sweet-gum  leaf  and  the 
scales  on  the  leaves  of  deutzia. 

Stellate.    The  same  as-  star-shaped,  when  applied  to  hairs. 

Sterigmata.  The  raised  bases  from  which  some  small  ever- 
green leaves  finally  fall  (spruce). 

Sterile.  Not  producing  fruit, — neutral  or  staminate,  as  applied 
to  flowers. 

Stipellate.    With  stipule-like  bodies  at  base  of  a  leaflet. 

Stipular.     Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  stipules. 

Stipules.  The  small  basal  outgrowths  of  a  leaf:  sometimes 
attached  to  its  stalk  (rose) ;  occasionally  more  than  2 
(viburnum) ;  exceptionally  hardened  into  spines  (locust) ; 
usually  small  or  falling  early  in  the  season. 

Stipule-scars.  Scars  on  the  twigs,  from  which  stipules  have 
fallen:  sometimes  forming  a  narrow  line  around  the  node 
(magnolia),  but  usually  short  and  small. 

Stomatiferous.    Bearing  stomata  or  "breathing  pores." 

Stone.    The  hard  inner  part  of  a  drupe. 

Striate.    Striped,  usually  by  alternating  ridges  and  grooves. 

Style.    The  prolonged  apex  of  a  pistil  or  carpel. 

Sub-.  Often  used  as  a  prefix  in  the  sense  of  nearly,  as  in  sub- 
globose,  subglabrous,  subsessile,  submarginal. 

Succulent.    Fleshy  (leaf  of  aloe  or  stonecrop,  stem  of  cactus). 

Suckers.    Adhering  disks  on  tendrils  (Boston  ivy). 

Sulcate.    Grooved. 

Summer  wood.  That  formed  in  summer  of  each  year,  hence 
the  outer  part  of  the  annual  layer:  often  with  the  fine 
ducts  in  a  characteristic  grouping  when  seen  in  cross 
section  (oak,  elm). 

Sunken.    In  depressions  (buds  of  button-bush  and  coffee-tree). 

Superposed.     One  above  another  (buds  of  honeysuckle). 


GLOSSARY  165 

Supra-axillary.    Above  rather  than  in  the  axil. 

Sympodial.     Continuing   the   growth   by   development    of   an 

axillary  bud  and  not  a  terminal  bud,  either  internode  after 

internode     (grape),    or  season   after    season     (elm),    as 

applied  to  twigs. 
Tangential.    At  right  angles  to  the  medullary  rays,  as  applied 

to  the  duct  pattern  of  such  woods  as  elm:  contrasted  with  . 

radial,  as  in  oak,  in  cross  section. 
Tendril.    A  leaf  (clematis>  or  stem  (grape)  modified  to  form 

a  specialized  climbing  organ. 

Terete.    Round  in  cross-section,  as  applied  to  twigs,  etc. 
Thorn.    The  same  as  spine:  a  pungent  modification  of  leaf  or 

twig;  contrasted  with  prickles  or  superficial  pungent  out- 
growths. 

Tomentum.    Woolly  pubescence. 
Toothed.    With  the  margin  cut  in,  but  not  deeply  enough  for 

lob  ing,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Torulose.    Constricted  between  swollen  parts  (fruit  of  radish). 
Tracheae.    The  same  as  ducts. 
Tracheides.     Short  wood-cells,  replacing  ducts  or  tracheae  in 

conifers  as  water  channels:  characteristically  marked  by 

microscopic  bordered  pits,  spiral  thickening,  etc.,  like  the 

ducts. 

Trailing.    With  elongated  stems  spreading  on  the  ground. 
Translucent.    The  same  as  pellucid. 

Trifoliolate.    Of  three  leaflets,  as  applied  to  compound  leaves. 
Triple-nerved.    With  three  palmate  nerves,  or  with  two  strong 

branches  from  the  lower  part  of  the  midrib. 
Truncate.    Cut  off  rather  abruptly,  as  applied  to  base  or  apex 

of  a  leaf. 

Trunk.    The  main  stem  of  a  tree. 
Tuberculate:    Warty  with  rounded  prominences  (twigs  of  elder 

etc.). 
Tubular.    Cylindrical,  without  a  spreading  border,  as  applied 

to  calyx  or  corolla:  here  used  rather  loosely. 
Turbinate.     Top-shaped  or  inversely  conical. 
Twigs.    The  finer  or  finest  branches  of  a  stem. 


166  GLOSSARY 

Twining.  Coiling  about  a  support  like  the  stem  of  morning- 
glory:  some  tendrils  also  twine  about  supports. 

Twinned  fruits.  Formed  from  connate  ovaries  surmounted  by 
separate  calyxes  and  corollas  (partridge  berry). 

Twinned  hairs.  Characteristic  hairs  of  dogwood;  a  simple 
form  of  stellate  pubescence  with  only  two  rays,  in  a 
straight  line. 

Umbel.  A  flat-  or  round-topped  flower-cluster  with  the  stalks 
rising  from  one  point,  asi  in  the  carrot. 

Unarmed.  With  neither  spines  nor  prickles.  Some  herbs  and 
tropical  woody  plants  (nettles)  are  protected  by  stinging 
hairs. 

Undershrub.  A  woody  plant  forming  the  ground-covering 
under  or  between  trees  and  larger  shrubs:  here  made  to 
include  evergreen  herbs. 

Urceolate.    Urn-shaped   (flowers  of  heath). 

Valvate.  With  the  edges  meeting  but  not  overlapping,  as 
applied  to  sepals,  bud-scales  (tulip  tree),  etc. 

Variegated.  Striped  or  margined  or  mottled  with  some  color 
other  than  green,  as  applied  to  leaves. 

Variety.  A  subdivision  of  a  species.  When  written  trinomial- 
ly,  as  in  this  book,  varietal  names  that  are  adjectives  agree 
in  number  and  gender  with  the  generic  name:  when  pre- 
fixed by  the  abbreviation  var.,  they  are  feminine. 

Veins.    The  woody  bundles  in  a  leaf. 

Velvety.    Essentially  the  same  as  downy. 

Vernal.     The  same  as  spring,  as  applied  to  wood. 

Vertical.    With  edges  vertical,  as  applied  to  foliage-sprays. 

Villous.    With  long  spreading  hairs. 

Vine.  A  slender-stemmed  climbing  or  trailing  plant:  classical- 
ly, the  grape  vine. 

Weeping.  Conspicuously  drooping  or  pendent,  as  applied  to 
branches  and  twigs. 

Whorl.  A  group  of  3  or  more  branches,  flowers,  or  leaves, 
coming  from  one  point  on  the  stem.  Whorled  leaves  are 
frequently  found  in  place  of  opposite  leaves  (deutzia, 


GLOSSARY  167 

hydrangea),   but   rarely   replace   alternate   leaves    (desert 

willow). 
Winged.     With   thin   border   or   appendage    (fruit   of   elm   or 

maple,  twigs  of  some  species  of  spindle  tree,  etc.). 
Winter-node.     The  point  at  which  a  winter-bud  has  existed: 

usually  marked  by  crowded  narrow  scars  corresponding  to 

the  fallen  scales  after  the  bud  has  developed. 
Wood-parenchyma.    Tissue  that  accompanies  ducts  and  trache- 

ides  in  the  wood. 
Woolly.     Pubescent  with  long  curving  tangled  hair&. 


IXDKX 


169 


Abelia  144 
Abies  7 

Acacia,  Rose  74 
Acanthopanax  112 
Acer  90 
Aceraceae  90 
Actinidia  103 
Adelia  130 
Aecidium  39,  97 
Aesculus  93 
Ailanthus  80 
Akebia  38 
Alder  26 
Alder,  Black  87 
Alder,  Dwarf  51. 
Aider,  White  113 
Alligator  pear  44 
Allspice,  Carolina  43 
Almond  68 
Alnus  26 
Amelanchier  60 
American  laurel  117 
Amorpha  74 
Ampelopsis  99 
Amygdalus  68 
Anacardiaceae  83 
Andrachne  81 
Andromeda  118 
Angiospermae  15 
Annonaceae  43 


INDEX 

Apocynaceae  133 
Apple  56 
Apricot  67 
Aquifoliaceae  86 
Aralia  112 
Araliaceae  in 
Arbor  vitae  12 
Arbutus, Trailing  120 
Arctostaphylos  123 
•\ristolochia  35 
Aristolochiaceae    35 
Aronia  57 
Arrow  wood  142 
Artichoke  146 
Asclepiadaceae  134 
Ascyrum  105 
Ash  127 

Ash,  Mountain  57 
Ash,  Prickly  79 
Ash,  Wafer  78 
Asimina  43 
Asparagus  15 
Aspen  18 
Aucuba  in 
Azalea  115 

Baccharis  147 
Bald  cypress  n 
Balsam  poplar  19 
Bamboo  15 


Barberry  39 
Basswood  101 
Bay  44 

Bay,  Sweet  42 
Bayberry  20 
Bayonet,  Spanish  16 
Beach  heather  105 
Bean,  Indian  138 
Bearberry  123 
Beech  27 
Beech,  Blue  25 
Bell,  Golden  129 
Bell,  Silver  126 
Benzoin  44 
Berberidaceae  38 
Berberis  39 
Berchemia  96 
Berry,  Bear  123 
Berry,  Buffalo  107 
Berry,  Bunch  109 
Berry,  China  81 
Berry,  Coral  147 
Berry,  Crow  83 
Berry,  Partridge  140 
Berry,  Snow  147 
Berry,  Turquoise  99 
Berry,  Wolf  147 
Betula  25 
Betulaceae  23 
Big  tree  n 


170 

Bignonia  137 
Bignoniaceae  137 
Biota  12 
Birch  25 

Birthwort  family  35 
Bitternut  23 
Bittersweet  87 
Black  alder  87 
Black  ti-ti  85 
Blackberry  65 
Blackcap  65 
Bladder  senna  75 
Bladdernut  90 
Blue  beech  25 
Blueberry  123 
Bog  rosemary  118 
Boston  ivy  100 
Bouvardia  140 
Box  elder  90 
Box  tree  82 
Bramble  64 
Bridal  wreath  55 
Brierwood  114 
Broom  73 
Broom  crowb.  83 
Broussonetia  30 
Buckeye  93 
Buckthorn  97 
Buckthorn,  False  125 
Buckthorn,  Sea  108 
Buckwheat  tree  85 
Buddleia  133 
Buffalo  berry  107 
Bulbs  15 
Bumelia  125 
Bunchberry   109 
Burning  bush  87 


INDEX 

Bush  honeysuckle  146 
Butneria  43 
Buttercup  family  36 
Butternut  21 
Buttonball  52 
Buttonbush  140 
Buxaceae  82 
Buxus  82 

Cabbage  palm  18 
California  nutmeg  5 
Callicarpa  135 
Calluna  121 
Calophaca  77 
Calycanthaceae  43, 
Calycanthus  43 
Calycocarpum  40 
Camellia  family  104 
Camphor  45 
Campion,  Moss  35 
Campsis  137 
Cape  jessamine  140 
Caprifoliaceae  141 
Capsicum  136 
Caragana  76 
Carica  43 
Carnation  35 
Carolina  allspice 

family  43 

Carol,  jessamine  133 
Carol,  moonseed  40 
Carpinus  25 
Carya  23 

Caryophyllaceae  35 
Caryopteris  135 
Cascara  sagrada  98 
Cashew  83 


Cassandra  119 
Cassava  81 
Cassiope  117 
Castanea  28 
Castor  bean  81 
Catalpa  138 
Cat  vine  103 
Ceanothus  97 
Cedar  8 
Cedar,  False  80 
Cedar,  Red  14 
Cedar,  Salt  105 
Cedar,  White  14 
Cedrela  80 
Cedrus  8 
Celastraceae  87 
Celastrus  87 
Celtis  34 

Cephalanthus  140 
Cercidiphyllaceae  36 
Cercidiphyllum  36 
Cercis  70 
Chaenomeles  58 
Chain,  Golden  72 
Chamaebatiaria  56 
Chamaecistus  117 
Chamaecyparis  14 
Chamaedaphne  119 
Chaste  tree  135 
Cherimoya  43 
Cherry  67 
Chestnut  28 
Chicle  124 
Chicory  146 
Chilopsis  139 
Chimaphila  113 
Chinaberrv  Si 


Chinquapin  28 
Chiogenes  122 
Chionanthus  131 
Chokeberry  57 
Chrysanthenum  148 
Cigar-box  wood  80 
Cigar  plant  108 
Cinnamomum  45 
Cinnamon  45 
Cinquefoil  64 
Cissus  loo 
Cistaceae  105 
Citrus  77 
Cladrastis  71 
Clematis  36 
Clerodendron  135 
Clethra  113 
Clethraceae  113 
Cliftonia  85 
Clubmoss  3 
Cocklebur  146 
Cocculus  40 
Coconut  17 
Cocos   17 
Coffee  family  139 
Coffee,  Kentucky  69 
Colutea  75 
Compositae  146 
Conifer  family  5 
Coralberry  144 
Corchorus  63 
Corema  83 
Cork  tree  78 
Corkwood  21 
Cornaceae  109 
Cornel  109 
Corn  us  109. 


INDEX 

Corylopsis  50 
Corylus  23 
Cotinus  85 
Cotoneaster  59 
Cottonwood  19 
Crab  apple  57 
Cranberry  123,  147 
Crape  myrtle  108 
Crassulaceae  45 
Crataegus  60,  62 
Creeper,Trumpet  137 
Creeper,  Virginia  99 
Cronartium  50 
Cross  vine  137 
Croton  81 
Crowberry  83 
Cryptomeria  n 
Cucumber  tree  42 
Cuphea  108 
Cupressus  13 
Cupseed  40 
Currant  46,  50,  99 
Custard  apple  fam.43 
Cydonia  58 
Cypress  13 
Cypress,  Bald  n 
Cyrilla  85 
Cyrillaceae  85 
Cytisus  73 

Dandelion  146 
Daphne  106 
Date  17. 
Decumaria  48 
Dendrium  117 
Desert  palm  17 
Desert  willow  139 


171 

Deutzia  47 
Dewberry  65 
Diapensia  124 
Diapensiaceae  124 
Dicotyledoneae  18 
Diervilla  146 
Dilleniaceae  103 
Dimorphanthus  112 
Diospyros    125 
Dirca  106 
Dog-fennel  146 
Dogbane  family  133 
Dogwood  109 
Douglas  fir  7 
Dracaena  15 
Dryas  64 

Dutchman's  pipe  35 
Dwarf  alder  51 
Dyeweed  72 

Ebenaceae   125 
Ebony  125 
Egg  plant  137 
Elaeagnaceae  107 
Elaeagnus  107 
Elder  141 
Elder,  Box  90 
Elder,  Marsh  147 
Elm  32 

Empetraceae  83 
Empetrum  83 
P^nclosed-seed  pi.  15 
Endogens  15 
Enkianthus  120 
Epigaea   120 
Erica  121 
Ericaceae  114 


172 

Euphorbiaceae  81 
Ev'ng  primrose  109 
Evonymus  87 
Exochorda  63 
Exogens  18 

Fagaceae  27 
Fagus  27 

False  bittersweet  87 
False  buckthorn  125 
False  cedar  80 
False  indigo  74 
Fendlera  49 
Fern,  Sweet  21 
Fernworts  3 
Ficus  32 
Fig  32 

Figwort  family  137 
Filbert  23 
Fir  7 

Fir,  Douglas  7 
Firethorn  62 
Flowering  plants  4 
Fontanesia  128 
Forestiera  130 
Forsythia  129 
Fothergilla  51 
Foxglove  137 
Frangula  97 
Fraxinus  127 
Fragrant  olive  131 
French  mulberry  135 
Fringe  tree  131 
Fuchsia  109 
Furze  73 

Galax  124 


INDEX 

Gardenia   140 
Gaultheria  121 
Gaylussacia  122 
Gelsemium  133 
Genista  72 
Ginkgo  4 
Ginkgoaceae  4 
Gleditsia  69 
Glyptostrobus  12 
Golden  bell  129 
Golden  chain  72 
Goose  flower  35 
Gooseberry  50 
Gramineae  15 
Grape  100 
Grass  family  15 
Greenbrier  15 
Ground  pine  3 
Ground  pink  134 
Groundsel  tree  147 
Gum,  Black  in 
Gum,  Sour  in 
Gum,  Sweet  52 
Gum,  Tupelo  in 
Guttapercha  124 
Gymnocladus  69 
Gymnospermae  4 

Hackberry  34 
Halesia    126 
Halimodendron  76 
Hamamelidaceae   50 
Hamamelis  51 
Hawthorn  60 
Hazel  23 
Hazel,  Witch  51 
Heath  121 


Heath,  Mountain  117 
Heather  121 
Heather,  Beach  105 
Hedera  112 
Hedge  30 
Hemlock  6 
Henbane  136 
Hercules'  Club  112 
Hibiscus  103 
Hickory  23 
Kicoria  23 
Hippocastanaceae  93 
Hippophae  108 
Holly  86 

Holly,  Mountain  87 
Honey  locust  69 
Honeysuckle  144 
Honeys.,  bush  146 
Honey  tree  98 
Hop  hornbeam  24 
Hop  tree  78 
Hornbeam  25 
Hornbeam,  Hop  24 
Ilorsechestnut  93 
Hovenia  98 
Huckleberry  122 
Hudsonia  105 
Hydrangea  48 
Hypericaceae  104 
Hypericum  104 

Ilex  86 

Imperial  tree  137 
India  rubber  30,  81 
Indian  bean  138 
Indigo,  False  74 
Ipecac  140 


INDEX 


Iva  147 

Laurel  44 

Ivy  112 

Laurel,   Amer.    117 

Ivy,  Boston  100 

Lead  plant  74 

Ivy,  Marine  100 

Leatherleaf   119 

Ivy,  Poison  84 

Leatherwood  106 

Ledum  115 

Jamesia  49 

Leguminosae  69 

Japanese  quince  58 

Leiophyllum  116 

Jasminum  132 

Leitneria  21 

Jerusalem  thorn  98 

Leitneriaceae  21 

Jessamine  132 

Lepargyraea  107 

jessamine,  Cape  140 

Leucothoe  118 

Jessamine,  Car.  133 

Leycesteria  146 

Judas  tree  70 

Ligustrum  131 

Juglandaceae  21 

Lilac  130 

Juglans  21 

Liliaceae  15 

Jujube  98 

Lily  family  15 

Juniper  14 

Lime  101 

Juniperus  14 

Limeberry  77 

Linden  101 

Kalmia  117 

Linnaea  144 

Kentucky  coffee  69 

Liquidambar  52 

Kerria  63 

Liriodendron  41 

Kingnut  23 

Locust  74 

Koelreuteria  95 

Locust,  Honey  69 

Kudzu  vine  77 

Loganiaceae  132 

Loiseleuria  117 

Labrador  tea  115 

Lonicera  144 

Laburnum  72 

Loosestrife  fam,.  108 

Lacquer  83 

Lotus  96 

Lagerstroemia  108 

Lycium  136 

Lantana  135 

Lycopodiaceae   3 

Larch  8 

Lycopodium   3 

Lardizabalaceae  38 

Lyonia  119 

Larix  8 

Lythraceae  108 

Lauraceae  44 

173 

Maclura  30 
Magnolia  42 
Magnoliaceae  41 
Mahogany  80 
Mahonia  39 
Maidenhair  tree  4 
Mallow,  Rose  103 
Mallow  family  103 
Malus  56 
Malvaceae  103 
Mango  83 
Manzanita  123 
Maple  90 
Marine  ivy  TOO 
Marsh  elder  147 
Matrimony  vine  136 
Mayflower  120 
Meiia  81 
Meliaceae  80 
Menispermaceae  40 
Menispermum  41 
Menziesia    116 
Mezereon  106 
Milkweed  family  134 
Mitchella   140 
Mock  orange  46 
Mockernut  23 
Mohrodendron    126 
Moneses  114 
Monocotyledons  15 
Moon  seed  41 
Moonseed,  Caro.  40 
Moraceae  30 
Morus  31 
Moss  campion  35 
Mountain  ash  57 
Mountain  heath  117 


174 

Mountain   holly  87 
Moxie  plum  122 
Mulberry  31 
Mulberry,  Fr.  135 
Mulberry,  Paper,  30 
Mullein  137 
Myrica  20 
Myricaceae  20 
Myrtle,  Crape  108. 
Myrtle,  Running  134 
Myrtle,  Sand  116 

Naked  seed  plants  4 
Nectarine  68 
Negundo  90 
Nemopanthus  87 
Neowashingtonia  17 
Neviusia  55 
New  Jersey  tea  97 
Nightshade   136 
Ninebark  53 
Nutmeg,  Calif.  5 
Nyssa  HI 
Nyssaceae  in 

Oak  29 

Oak,  Poison  84 
Oenothera  109 
Oleaceae   127 
Oleaster  107 
Olive  127 

Olive,  Fragrant  131 
Olive,  Russian  107 
Onagraceae   109 
One-flowered     shin- 
leaf  114 
Onion  15 


INDEX 

Opulaster  53 
Orange,  Hardy  78 
Orange,  Mock  46 
Orange,  Osage  30 
Oreodoxa  18 
Osage  orange  30 
Osier  19 
Osmanthus  131 
Ostrya  24 
Oxycoccus  123 
Oxydendrum  120 
Oyster  plant  146 

Pachistima  89 
Pachysandra  82 
Paeonia  36 
Paeony  36 
Pagoda  tree  71 
Paliurus  98 
Palmaceae  16 
Palmetto  17 
Pap  aw  43 
Papaya  43 
Paper  mulberry  30 
Parasol  tree  102 
Parthenocissus  99 
Partridge  berry  140 
Paulownia  137 
Pea,  Sweet  69 
Pea  family  69 
Pea  tree  76 
Peach  68 
Pear  56 

Pear,  Alligator  44 
Fearlbush  63 
Pecan  23 
Pepperbush   113 


Pepperidge  in 
Peppervine  99 
Peridermium   50 
Feriploca  134 
Periwinkle  134 
Persimmon    125 
Petunia  136 
Phellodendron  78 
Philadelphia  46 
Phlox  134 
Phoenix  17 
Photinia  59 
Phyllodoce  117 
Physocarpus  53 
Picea  6 
Pieris  119 
Pignut  23 
Pinaceae  5 
I  indonut   17 
Pine  9 

Pine  blister-rust  50 
Pine,  Ground  3 
Pine,  Prince's  113 
Pine,  Umbrella  10 
Pink,  Ground  134 
Pink  family  35 
Pinus  9 

Pipe,  Dutchman's  35 
Pipisissewa  113 
Pistacio  83 
Planera  33 
Plane  tree  53 
Planer  tree  33 
Platanaceae  52 
Platanus  52 
Plum  67 
TJlnm,  Moxie  122 


Poinsettia  81 
Poison  ivy  84 
Poison  oak  84 
Poison  sumach  84 
Polemoniaceae    134 
Poncirus  78 
Poplar  18,  41 
Populus  18 
Potato  family  136 
Potentilla  64 
Prickly  ash  79 
Primavera   137 
Primrose,  Ev'ng  109 
Prince's  pine  113 
Privet  131 
Privet,  Swamp  130 
Prunus  67 
Psedera  100 
Pseudotsuga  7 
Ptelea  78 
Pteridophyta  3 
Pterocarya  22 
Puccinia  39,  97 
Pueraria  77 
Pussy  willow  20 
Pyracantha  62 
Pyrola  114 
Pyrolaceae  113 
Pyrus  56 
Pyxidanthera  124 
Pyxie  124 

Quassia  family  79 
Quercus  29 
Quince,  58 
Quince,  Japanese  58 
Quinine  140 


INDEX 

Ramblers  66 
Ranunculaceae  36 
Raspberry  65 
Red  cedar  14 
Red  haw  60 
Redbud  70 
Redwood  n 
Retinispora  14 
Retinospora  12,  14 
Rhamnaceae  96 
Rhamnus  97 
Rhododendron  115 
Khodora  115 
Rhodotypos  62 
Rhus  84 
Ribes  50 
Robinia  74 
Rockrose  family  105 
Rosaceae  53 
Rosa  66 
Rose  acacia  74 
Rose  mallow  103 
Rose  of  Sharon  103 
Rosemary,  Bog  118 
Rowan  tree  57 
Royal  palm  18 
Rubiaceae  139 
Rubus  64 
Rue  family  77 
Running  myrtle  134 
Russian  olive  107 
Rutaceae  77 

Sabal  17 

Saint  Andrew's 

cross  105 
Salicaceae  18 


175 

Saint  John's  wort 

104 
Saint  Peter's  wort 

105 

Salix  19 
Salt  cedar  105 
Salt  tree  76 
Sambucus  141 
Sand  myrtle  116 
Sapindaceae  95 
Sapindus  96 
Sapodilla  family  124 
Sapotaceae  124 
Sassafras  44 
Savin  14 
Saxifragaceae  45 
Saxifrage  family  45 
Schizanthus  136 
Schizophragma  48 
Schmaltzia  84 
Sciadopitys    10 
•Scrophulariaceae  137 
Sea  buckhorn  108 
Securinega   8r 
Sedum  45 
Seed  plants  4 
Selaginella  3 
Selaginellaceae  3 
Senna,  Bladder  75 
Sequoia  u 
Serviceberry  60 
Shadbush  60 
Shagbark  23 
Shepherdia  107 
Shinleaf  114 
Sibbaldia  63 
Silene  35 


176 

Silk  vine  134 
Silver  bell  126 
Simarubaceae  79 
Skimmia  79 
Smilax  15 
Smoke  tree  85 
Snapdragon  137 
Snowball  147 
Snowberry  144 
Snowwreath  55 
Soapberry  96 
Solanaceae  136 
Solanum  137 
Sophora  71 
Sorbaria  55 
Sorbus  57 
Sour  gum  in 
Soursop  43 
Sourwood  120 
Spanish  bayonet  16 
Speedwell  137 
Spermatophyta  4 
Spicebush  44 
Spindle  tree  87 
Spiraea  54 
Spruce,  Hemlock  6 
Spruce  6 
Spurge  family  81 
Stachyuraceae  106 
Slachyurus  106 
Staggerbush  119 
Staphylea  90 
Staphyleaceae  89 
Stauntonia  38 ' 
Steeplebush  55 
Stephanandra  54 
Sterculia  102 


I.NDEX 


Sterculiaceae  102 

Teak  134 

Stewartia  104 

Tear  blanket  122 

Stonecrop  45 

Ternstroemiaceae 

Storax  family  126 

104 

Strawberry  53 

Thistle  146 

Strawberry  shr.  43 

Thorn,  Jerusalem  98 

Strychnine  fam.  132 

Thuja  12 

Styracaceae  126 

Thujopsis  13 

Styrax  126 

Thymelaeaceae  ic6 

Sumach  84 

Ti-ti,  Black  85 

Sunflower  fam.  146 

Tilia  101 

Supple  Jack  96 

Tiliaceae  101 

Swamp  privet  130 

Tobacco  136 

Sweet  bay  42 

Tomato  136 

Sweet  pea  69 

Torreya  5 

Sweetbrier  66 

Toxicodendron  84 

Sweetfern  21 

Toxylon  30 

Sweet  gum  50,  52 

Trailing  arbutus  120 

Sweetleaf   126 

Tree  of  Heaven  80 

Sycamore  52 

Triphasia  77 

Symphoricarpos  147 

Trochodendraceae 

Symplocaceae  126 

36 

Symplocos  126 

Trumpet  creeper  137 

Syringa  46,  130 

Tsuga  6 

Tulip  tree  41 

Tamarack  8 

Turn  ion  5 

Tamaricaceae  105 

Tupelo  in 

Tamarisk  105 

Turquoise  berry  99 

Tamarix  105 

Twinflower  144 

Tapioca  81 

Ulex  73 

Taxaceae  4 

Ulmaceae  32 

Taxodium  i  T 

Ulmus  32 

Taxus  4 

Umbrella  pine  TO 

Tecoina  138 

Umbrella  tree  42 

Tea  104 

Tea,  Labrador  115 

Vaccinium   123 

Tea,  New  Jersey  97 

Varnish  tree  95 

INDEX 


177 


Verbena  135 
Verbenaceae  134 
Viburnum  142 
Vinca  134 
Vine  100 

Virginia   creeper  99 
Virgin's  bower  36 
Vitaceae  99 
Vitex  136 
Vitis  100 

Wafer  ash  78 
Wah oo,  32,  89 
Walnut  21 
Washingtonia  17 


Weigelia  146 
\Vheat  rust  39,  97 
Whin  72 
White  alder  113 
White  cedar  14 
Whiteweed  146 
Willow  19 
Willow,   Desert   139 
Wineberry  65 
Wintergreen   121 
Wisteria   74 
Wistaria  74 
Witch  hazel  51 
Wolfberry  145 
Woodbine  99 


Wreath,   Bridal  55 
Wreath,  Snow  55 

Xanthoceras  95 
Xolisma  119 

icllowroot  37 
Yellowwood  71 
Yew  4 
\ucca  1 6 

Zanthorhiza  37 
Zanthoxylum    79 
Zelkova   34 
Zizyphus  98 


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